French Revolution :: European Europe History

French RevolutionEssay What were the reasons and results of the French revolution?In 1789 financial times were hard in France. The peasants were at sea that the nobles were living lavish lives collecting taxes, while they suffered. The prices on food were rising and the volume were starving. The French social system was outdated and consisted of three breakes. The first class consisted of the clergy. They paid no taxes and led the best lives. The second estate was the nobles. These were people who held top jobs in the government. The third and largest estate was the peasants. The people paid the most taxes and suffered the most. These people paid for Frances deficit spending. Deficit spending is when the country spends more money than is coming in. Louis XIV left France deeply in debt. Through out the 1700 taxes piecemeal rose to help repay this debt. By 1789 half its taxes went to paying the interest on this debt. This frustration led to revolt. On August 4th peasants attacked t he Bastille. The peasants raided the Bastille but run aground no arms. This lead to a massive change in the government. The French government, in late August issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man. The Document was modeled in musical composition of the American Declaration of Independence. In it stated that all men are born and remain free. Man also had the flop to enjoy natural right or the right to property, security and resistance to oppression. It also said there are no different in man except his virtues and talents. It also tending(p) freedom of religion and called for taxes to be levied according to ones pay. But this was still not enough for some. Working class citizens called sans-culottes pushed the revolution into some more radical action. By 1791 many sans-culottes demanded France become a republic. They also wanted the government to guarantee the government gives them living wages. Wars waged over France between those who supported the republic and those who op posed it.

Janie Speaks Her Ideas in Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Janie Speaks Her Ideas in Their Eyes Were Watching God         In life to discover our self-identity a somebody must show otherswhat virtuoso thinks or feels and speak his or her mind. Sometimes theiropinions may be silenced or even ignored.  In the novel Their Eyes WereWatching God, the main fiber Janie would sometimes speak her ideas andthey would often make a difference.  The author, Zora Neale Hurston, givesJanie many chances to speak and she shows the reader outcomes.  Whendealing with all of the different people Jaine faced, she would find a courseto speak her ideas, receive a response, and through this exchange shedeveloped her sense of self-worth.      When Janie found a way to speak her ideas, they would have an impacton everyone.  Though, Janie did non always speak her ideas.  She wouldoften do something that made an impression on someone.  The first realaction Janie took was to leave her husban d, Logan Killicks.  By doing this,she has shown the community that a person can not always be happy withmaterial things when she or he is not in love.  Janie says, Ah wantthings sweet wid mah marriage lak when you sit on a lower floor a pear tree andthink.  She shows her grandma that she is not happy with her      Janies next husband, Joe Starks was very nice to her and gave hereverything she wanted.  When it came to Janie wanting to talk or speak hermind, he would not let her, and that made her feel like she was less of aperson than he.  Until one day, towards the land up of their long marriage,when Jody made a very mean rendering about Janies body.  She came back with,When you pull down yo britches, you look lak de change uh life.  Afterthese words came out, Jody hit her.  These harsh words could never beforgiven.  At the end of their marriage, before Jody died she finally toldhim her feelings.  ....And now you got tuh die tuh find out dat you gottuh pacify somebody besides yoself if you wants any love and any sympathyin dis world.  You aint tired to pacify nobody but yoself.  Too busylistening tuh yoown big voice, said Janie.      Her final and most loved husband was Vergible Tea cake Woods.  Shecould talk most openly with him. Once, she accused Tea Cake of having aliking for Nukie.  He quickly reassured her that he didnt, and there wasnothing to be worried about.  After Tea Cakes death, Janie was too upset

Justice as Defined by Augustine and Aristotle Essay -- The City of God

Justice as Defined by Augustine and Aristotle Justice removed, then, what are kingdoms but great bands of robbers? (Augustine, The City of God against the Pagans, p. 1471). Augustine makes instead a claim here. The presence or absence of justice, he implies, can make or break a great kingdom. What is this justice that Augustine speaks of? Is it the philosopher kings that define Platos just city2, or perhaps Aristotles good life3? Augustine approaches the challenge of defining justice in a different, but not necessarily contradictory way, than his predecessors. In The City of God against the Pagans, mans relationship with justice is only secondary for Augustine, justice is about God. The title of his book alone reveals that Augustine is deeply religious. rarely in City of God is there a discussion that does not have divine elements or references, and his discussion of justice is no exception. For Augustine, justice seems to be the combination of two things recognition by man of his place in the world below God, and strict (or as strict as possible by a mortal) observance of Gods laws. The second part is actually the easier one of the two to examine. Man is simply supposed to follow the teachings professed in Christianitys religious texts to the best of his ability. The interpretation of the correct ways to follow those laws is another matter, but one that Augustine pays little attention to. Augustines attention is focused quite on mans recognition of his place below God, and in a greater sense, on mans respect for God. impeded by mans own humilityespecially when the divine providence justly resisted their pride, so that it might show by comparison with them that i... ...ry opinion would favor Aristotle, and I am inclined to agree. Aristotles secular, capitalist-tolerant view seems like it would jive more with todays society than would Augustines deeply religious near-asceticism. In America, we live in a world of material pos sessions and manage to live better than citizens of any other nation, and most would agree we are not living in a world of sin or on the edge of turmoil. Then again, some would. Personally, I envision justice as a combination between ambition and moderationright down Aristotles alley. In addition, I appreciate Aristotles optimism and faith in us mortals, optimism not as present in Augustines vision.1 Augustine. The City of God against the Pagans. Trans. R. W. Dyson. Cambridge, 1998.2 Platos Republic3 Aristotles Politics4 Aristotle. Politics. Trans. Ernest Barker. Oxford 1995.

Inflation :: Economics Economy Price Inflation

Inflation defines as an increase in the hurt you pay or a decline in the purchasing power of money. In other words, price inflation is when prices get higher or it takes more money to buy the same item. Interest rates are increased to check into acquire and inflation and they are reduced to stimulate demand. Monetary policy aims to influence the overall level of monetary demand in the economy so that it grows broadly in line with the economys ability to produce goods and services. This stops output rising likewise quickly or slowly. If rates are set too low, this may encourage the build-up of inflationary pressure if they are set too high, demand will be lower than necessary to control inflation. Changes in demand and output then impact on the labor market - employment levels and wage costs - which in turn influence producer and consumer prices. When the Fed increases the tax write-off rate, it does not have an immediate impact on the stock market. Changes in the official Bank r ate then affect the whole range of evoke rates set by commercial banks, building societies and other financial institutions for their own savers and borrowers. It will influence interest rates charged for overdrafts and mortgages, as sanitary as savings accounts. A change in the official Bank rate will also tend to affect the price of financial assets such(prenominal) as bonds and shares, and the exchange rate. These changes in financial markets affect consumer and business demand and in turn output. Changes in the official Bank rate take condemnation to have their full impact on the economy and inflation. Some influences, such as those on the exchange rate, work very quickly. In January of 2003, petroleum price spiked up 76.82% from the previous January. These have recently been some speculation on the correlation between a sharp rise in Oil price and a sharp fall in Stock prices. The way the theory goes is that a sharp increase in oil prices on the magnitude of 50% to 100% annual increase has historically resulted in a sharp decline in the stock market price.

Hinduism Essay -- Hindu Religion Papers

HinduismIntroduction Hinduism is a religion that originated in India and is stillpracticed by most of the Natives as well as the people who have migrated fromIndia to other parts of the world. Statistically there are over seven hundred billion Hindus, mainly in Bharat, India and Nepal. Eighty five percent of thepopulation in India is Hindu. The word Hindu comes from an ancient Sanskrit termmeaning dwellers by the Indus River, referring to the location of Indiasearlier know civilization, the Pakistan. There is not much organization andhierarchy is nonexistent. The religion suggests commitment to or respect for anideal way of life know as Dharma. Hinduism absorbs foreign ideas and beliefsmaking it have a wide variety of beliefs and practices. This has given it acharacter of social and doctrinal system that extends to every aspect of life.The Hindus take in definition of their community is those who believe in Vedas.History/Origin The practices and beliefs of Hinduism cannot be understoodwithout knowing the background. Hinduism is the worlds oldest religion, itdates back more than 3,000 years. Hinduism is unique in the fact that it has nofounder. Its origins are lost in a very distant past. In 1500 BC the Indo-Aryantribes invaded India and took over the Mahenjo-daro. From the combination ofthese two tribes came the worship of goddesses. The Hindus started practicessuch as bathing in temple tanks and the postures of yoga. Soon gods of warstarted being created and worshipped. Sakas then began invading the Hindus andmade a large impact on the religion. The sacred temples started to be built andthe sacred laws were codified and myths and legends were preserved in the... ...Brunk, Betsy and Kathleen Coleman. Prelude Music Therapy. Internet Available http//home.- att.net/bkbrunk/-music.html, 1997.Lindberg, Kathrine A. What is Music Therapy. Internet Available http//members.aol.com/-kathysl/def.html, 1997.Lowenstein, Dr. Timothy J. break up Healt h, Better Life. Internet Available http//www.cliving-.org/products.htm, 1997Lowenstein, Dr. Timothy J. The Story of Holographic Music. Internet Available http//www.- cliving.org/holograph.htmbenefit2, 1995Martin, Bruce. Sound Therapy Works. Internet Available htt//www.pacifier.com/-stwmt/stw.html, 1997 Michaud, George. Music For Your Health. Internet Available http//www.harplandmusic.-com/health.html, 1997-98White, Celeste. The Healing advocate of Music. Internet Available http//www.harplandmusic-.com/health.html, 1997-98

Hinduism Essay -- Hindu Religion Papers

HinduismIntroduction Hinduism is a religion that originated in India and is stillpracticed by most of the Natives as well as the people who consider migrated fromIndia to other parts of the world. Statistically there are over seven hundredmillion Hindus, mainly in Bharat, India and Nepal. Eighty five percent of the community in India is Hindu. The word Hindu comes from an ancient Sanskrit termmeaning dwellers by the Indus River, referring to the location of Indiasearliest know civilization, the Pakistan. There is not much organization andpower structure is nonexistent. The religion suggests commitment to or respect for anideal way of life know as Dharma. Hinduism absorbs foreign ideas and beliefsmaking it have a wide conversion of beliefs and practices. This has given it acharacter of social and doctrinal system that extends to every aspect of life.The Hindus own definition of their community is those who believe in Vedas.History/ root The practices and beliefs of Hinduism c annot be understoodwithout knowing the background. Hinduism is the worlds oldest religion, itdates back more than 3,000 years. Hinduism is unique in the fact that it has nofounder. Its origins are lost in a very inappropriate past. In 1500 BC the Indo-Aryantribes invaded India and took over the Mahenjo-daro. From the combination ofthese two tribes came the worship of goddesses. The Hindus started practicessuch as bathing in temple tanks and the postures of yoga. Soon gods of warstarted existence created and worshipped. Sakas then began invading the Hindus andmade a large impact on the religion. The sacred temples started to be built andthe sacred laws were codified and myths and legends were preserved in the... ...Brunk, Betsy and Kathleen Coleman. function Music Therapy. profit Available http//home.- att.net/bkbrunk/-music.html, 1997.Lindberg, Kathrine A. What is Music Therapy. Internet Available http//members.aol.com/-kathysl/def.html, 1997.Lowenstein, Dr. Timoth y J. Better Health, Better Life. Internet Available http//www.cliving-.org/products.htm, 1997Lowenstein, Dr. Timothy J. The Story of Holographic Music. Internet Available http//www.- cliving.org/holograph.htmbenefit2, 1995Martin, Bruce. Sound Therapy Works. Internet Available htt//www.pacifier.com/-stwmt/stw.html, 1997 Michaud, George. Music For Your Health. Internet Available http//www.harplandmusic.-com/health.html, 1997-98White, Celeste. The Healing Power of Music. Internet Available http//www.harplandmusic-.com/health.html, 1997-98

The Practical Ways of Spending Money

What is better? To spend specie Saving and investing your money for the future is one of the some practical things you can do. This is solid advice, but when you do decide to spend your hard earned money it should be spent on something practical, useful, and meaningful to the well-being of your existence. So many people either save their money or blow it on worthless crap. Here are some practical directions to spend your money on something useful 1.Travel to See the Significant People in Your Life There may be no better way to spend your money than to use it to nurture and rekindle ain relationships with the most significant people in your life. As time quickly passes, we sometimes allow for how essential strong personal relationships are to our mental wellbeing. The older we get the more we need true friends and family to be regular parts of our lives. 2. Hire a Personal Trainer Your health is your life. Without it, all the success and affluence in the world is meaningless. Committing yourself to a regular exercise routine is one of the best slipway to maintain the health of your body and mind. Sometimes its hard to tackle this endeavor on your own. Spending money on a knowledgeable personal trainer who can set you on the right course creates priceless results. Make sure you stick with the trainer until you are committed to exercising on your own. 3. Fix What Is Broken Have you been ignoring your screeching brakes? What about the excessively loud hum from your AC compressor?Or the scratching noise coming from your calculator system? Sooner or later these small annoyances will wear down the reliability of the product and you will be left with a all in all broken product instead of just a halfway broken one. Use your money wisely to fix and maintain your belongings. 4. Educate Yourself Use your money to purchase educational courses or books pertaining to your career, or to a miscellaneous topic that interests and intrigues you. Remember, knowledge is power and your brain is the container of that knowledge.There are few options for spending money on something more practical than the development and facility of your brain. 5. Add Value to Your Home Your home should be your sanctuary, the place on this planet where you feel the most comfortable. Adding entertain to your home , be it personal value or increased monetary value, is always a practical choice for spending your money. If the additions you make increase your level of comfort for years to come, you win. If they increase the value of the home to a third party someday when you sell, you win. If both occur, you win big.

Development of Complex Societies Essay

In the early stages of the arrivement of thickening societies, many different factors had a powerful impact on the focus the societies create. In some areas of the world, religion was the primary force that led to the creation of organized societies. Other areas real on trade routes that made it necessary to develop complex societies to incorporate the growth of different economic classes and the wealth they generated into the structure of the g every(prenominal)placenment. In for each one part of the world where complex societies emerged, the communities were responding to different types of challenges and the complexities each federation created forced them to confront new challenges which then led to the wide, complex societies of history. The urban society of Mesopotamia developed because of the engineering discoveries that allowed residents of the area between the Tigris and Euphrates to increase food production, part the predictability of the Nile River allowed the Eg yptians and Nubians to bring in large, complex societies around their commercial and religious activities.Many simple early societies were based around farming. Through cultivating crops and the land, people learned they could settle down in the mouth in nonpareil place instead of being nomads and support a larger population of people. These villages needed a social structure, but their sizes were limited by the amount of food they could produce. In Mesopotamia, especially Sumeria and Babylon, there is not much rainfall, but farmers learned they could artificially irrigate their crops using the fresh water in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers1. The large-scale engineering projects needed greater social organization than the simple farming communities that came before, but they also resulted in change magnitude food production that allowed them to build cities. The urban centers that resulted infallible more sophisticated organization to make sure that the population was product ive that building projects could be completed, that resources were distributed fairly, and that the city could continue to grow2.The division of grasp also created different economic classes, which resulted in various social classes as good. Some merchants grew wealthy catering to customers who came to the city from other places, and community building projects required supervision, organization, and funding3. Such a large society could not exist as small farmers trading with one another. Political pledge was needed to maintain rule between the citizens and protect the interests of the entire community, especially the cropland that existed outside the city walls.An example of the way that authority influenced society is the codification of laws by Hammurabi, especially as they related to family relationships and how husbands could treat their wives. Upper-class people whose marriages represented political and economic alliances were subject to the same law, so that even if a hus band had a right to punish his wife for a suspected affair, he could not do anything to her unless he caught her in the act. If he did act out on his jealousy, he would be punished. Hammurabis laws treated women like the property of their husbands and fathers, but they also described certain standards of behavior that citizens should be expected to follow for the sake of stability and to reign in peoples behavior4.The innovation of urban development also led to the Sumerian creation of military power, as each city-state had to protect its farmland and irrigation projects from one another and from outside invaders. Once the city-states had organized themselves into relatively peaceful social organizations united under a single government, their growing populations often led them to go out and try to conquer other city-states or areas with more resources to increase their wealth5. In Mesopotamia, the social organization created in the starting time cities led to the establishment of the first empires.Along the Nile River in northern Africa, small city states also emerged due to the increased production of food that agriculture made possible. Agriculture first developed in Sudan, where people first cultivated wheat crops and domesticated animals that roamed the grassland. The growing populations made these cities into cultural and commercial centers, as well, and they also required political authority to observe the peace and maintain the functioning of all of the complex institutions of a city dividing up resources, keeping the peace, and protecting their resources from other city-states6. These cities were often ruled over by Kings who were not only thought of as political authority but were also considered to be divine themselves, so they also held a great deal of religious authority7.Over time, the grasslands became desert and agricultural activity centered along the floodplains of the Nile River in Egypt and Nubia. Egypt, particularly, had a very wide and predictable floodplain which attracted immigrants and allowed the population to grow. United under one ruler, who was also considered to be divine, Egyptian society became increasingly complex. Massive amounts of resources, especially wheat from the fertile harvests, had to be dealt with, marketplaces had to be managed, and armies had to be raised to protect the fertile land from invaders. The main organizing force in Egyptian society was its strong religious component.The Pharaoh was considered a god as well as a king, and the religious power he held was just as important as the political power. The colossal building projects that the Egyptians embarked on, such as the pyramids and temples, required a very complex society and highly skilled workers and engineers8. They developed a very complex writing system not only to keep commercial records, but also to record their spiritual beliefs and the history of their empire. Harkhuf used it to document his exploration of Nubia and openi ng of trade routes there, showing the high levels of complexity that each of those societies had risen to9.Both the African and Mesopotamian civilizations developed out of small farming communities who practiced small-scale agriculture. In some(prenominal) areas, advances in agriculture led to increased populations living in densely-populated cities, which allowed the people to divide labor and specialize in different things. The division of labor led to advancement in almost every area from engineering and agriculture to art and, especially, the political organizations that organized the whole society and made all of those things possible. Both civilizations developed writing systems, originally developed to keep records, but soon used to express imaginations, beliefs, and to write down the histories of their nations.While Mesopotamian cultures were organized around the complex building projects needed to irrigate their fields, societies in the Nile River had other pressures. Thei r cropland was regularly fertilized and irrigated, so their complexity developed out of a need to organize the wealth of the city-state and the empire that came as a result. Without the pressure of incessantly trying to keep their crops irrigated, the Egyptians organized around religious beliefs, which they expressed in their greatest building projects and influenced almost everything they did.The pressures that led smaller societies to develop more complex structures were different in each case, but they both resulted in the building of the first great cities which are necessary for the political, social, and technological innovations of complex society. Although the places they lived were very different, the Sumerians and the Egyptians both developed writing to record their progress, political innovations to maintain control of growing populations, and laid the foundations for great building projects and the great civilizations that would come after them.BibliographyBentley, Jerr y H. and Ziegler, Herbert F., Traditions and Encounters Vol. 1 from The first to 1500, 5th ed. New York McGraw-Hill, 2010 1 Jerry H. Bentley and Herbert F. Ziegler, Traditions and Encounters Vol. 1 from The Beginning to 1500, 5th ed. (New York McGraw-Hill, 2010), 25 2 Bentley and Ziegel, Traditions, 273 Bentley and Ziegler, Traditions, 334 Bentley and Ziegler, Traditions, 365 Bentley and Ziegler, Traditions, 296 Bentley and Ziegel, Traditions, 50-517 Bentley and Ziegel, Traditions, 528 Bentley and Ziegel, Traditions, 539 Bentley and Ziegel, Traditions, 56

Compare/Contrast essay on Republicans and Democrats Essay

Anti-slavery individuals who believed that the government should grant western lands to settlers free of charge founded the republican Party in the 1850s. The first official coming together was held on July 6, 1854 in Jackson, Michigan. The republicans became a national party in 1856. Abraham Lincoln was the first republican president. A few credits to the republican party overwhelm the signing of the emancipation proclamation by President Lincoln, the 13th amendment which outlawed slavery, the 14th amendment which Guaranteed rights Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due Process and Equal Protection, and the 15th amendment which gave all citizens the right to pick out no matter what color, race or indifference they might have. In 1917, a Republican from Montana named Jeanette Rankin was the first woman elective to congress.The basic principles of the Republican Party atomic number 18 all people are entitled to equal rights, individuals, not government, and decisions are b est make close to home. The elephant is the symbol of the Republican Party. It was by a cartoonist for Harpers Weekly named Thomas Nast.Many significant Republican presidents served our nation with great leadership and integrity these include Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses Grant, Herbert Hoover and Dwight D. Eisenhower. mingled with those men we ended slavery, war and depression to bring our country into a great civilization where every man, woman and child is free to achieve the hopes and dreams as they please.In 1792, Thomas Jefferson founded the Democratic Party. It was formed as a congressional caucus to fight for the Bill of Rights and against the Federalist Party. Thomas Jefferson was the first democratic President elected to office. There is a jackpot to be said about the past leaders of the Democratic Party, the first word that comes to my mind is dreamers. There were great strides interpreted for our country when democrats were in office. Roosevelt ended the depression, brought water to California and saved many of countless farms in the Midwest.Truman integ measured the military and helped to reconstruct Europe by establishing the northwesterly Atlantic Treaty Organization. And in the 1960s President Kennedy created the Peace Corps,banned atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons and spoke these famous words whose echo lock in resonates in the ears of many Americans ask not what your country can do for youask what you can do for your country. And finally, President Clinton who reduced unemployment, lowered the crime rate and reduced the national debt significantly.The former Chairman of the Democratic party Ron Brown once said, The common thread of Democratic history, from Thomas Jefferson to Bill Clinton, has been an abiding assent in the judgment of hardworking American families, and a commitment to helping the excluded, the disenfranchised and the poor strengthen our nation by earning themselves a piece of the American Dream. We remember that this gre at land was sculpted by immigrants and slaves, their children and grandchildren. In my opinion, no truer words have ever been spoken about the principles of the Democratic Party.There are many differences between republicans and democrats. Republicans are cognizen as the conservatives and democrats are known as the progressives or liberals. Democrats believe that tax cuts should go to working families to increase their acquire power, which in turn increases the economy. Republicans believe that tax cuts should go to the wealthy so they can invest more. Through all the studying and research, that I did there is unrivalled sentence that sums up everything democrats are for the working man and republicans are for the businessman.Since doing this essay, it has enlightened me on the vast differences between each party. I did not know a lot of the information that I read about and I enjoyed it immensely. I have a newfound respect for each of the parties. It took a lot of hard work and ingenuity to break from England and start this great country of ours, and it takes a lot more to keep it going year-by-year and decade by decade. I am very proud to be an American and can only hope to do half of what our Founding Fathers have done for us.Reference rogueLangan, John. College Writing Skills. New York McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Hardin, Richard. Difference between Democrat and Republican Parties. 20 Aug.2008 http//www.rahardin.com/DemocratRepublican.htm.

Environmental Benefits of Solar Panels Essay

Environmental Benefits of Solar Solar Panels Produce Electricity with cypher Emissions Solar readiness generated via solar panels (also known as Photovoltaic Solar or PV solar) is one of the most sustainable ways we have of generating energy and electricity today. First and foremost solar panels produce electricity without emissions of any kind. The major(ip)ity of electricity we use in the United States today is generated from burning coal. Recently at that place has been a lot excitement around the idea of clean coal, but it is important to remember that this technology only exists as a concept and some(prenominal) experts doubt it will ever be commercially feasible.Solar panels are a proven, time tested, highly evolved technology and are ready for use now, and as the industry expands solar panels are becoming increasingly effective and cost efficient. Other Alternative Energy Technologies have Serious Environmental IssuesOther alternative energy technologies like nuclear reac tors and hydroelectric dams pose both policy challenges and unfortunate environmental consequences when compared to PV solar.Nuclear reactors create hazardous waste that is piling up at power plants across the nation, and by the time the first nuclear waste storage facility might be finished, all of its available storage stead will already be spoken for. In comparison, generating electricity with hydroelectric dams doesnt result in the emission of greenhouse gases, but it does have calamitous effects on the ecosystem in and around the river it interrupts. Go Solar and Reduce Your Carbon Emissions by 23,000 poundsThe average American home uses more than 11,000kWh of electricity every(prenominal) year, resulting in the emission of 23,122lbs per year of CO2 from burning coal. By comparison, the average automobile in the United States is responsible for emitting approximately 14,600lbs of CO2 into the atmosphere in a given year. This means that for every American home that converts t o solar energy and PV solar, the resulting reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is equivalent to fetching round 1. cars off the road.If the state of California were to harness solar power to satisfy just its residential energy needs, the impact would be the same as taking almost 20 million cars off the road. By installing solar panels on your home or business you can make a major contributions to the fight against global warming while also insulating yourself from the inevitable price increases from power companies tied to diminishing fuel sources.Solar Energy is an Infinite ResourceAnd not only is electric power from solar panels free from greenhouse gas emissions, its also an infinite resource. The fact is there are only so many gallons of oil, trainloads of coal, and cubic feet of natural gas in our planet, and they will run out. Our daily lives rely on huge amounts of energy and while there is a fair amount of discussion and disagreement about how long these fuels will last, there is strong consensus that we use these resources faster than they are replenished and originally or later they will run out.During a single day more energy in the form of sunlight finds its way to earth than we could ever hope to use. The sooner we begin to harness this energy through the deployment of solar panels (PV solar), solar water heaters, and other solar energy technologies, the sooner we will see the effects of anthropogenic climate change slow and reverse, and the sooner we will see our economy thrive without the limits of expensive and finite sources of energy.

5 Dangerous Things You Should Let Your Kids so

GEVER TULLY 5 DANGEROUS THINGS YOU SHOULD LET YOUR KIDS DO Welcome to Five Dangerous Things You Should Let Your Children Do. I dont dedicate children. I borrow my friends children, so(Laughter)take all this advice with a grain of salt. Im Gever Tulley. Im a contract computer scientist by trade,but Im the founder of something called the Tinkering School. Its a summer schedule which aims to help kids to learnhow to build the things that they think of. So we build a lot of things. And I do put power tools into the hands of second-graders.So if youre thinking around sending your kid to Tinkering School,they do come back bruised, scraped and bloody. So, you know, we live in a worldthats subjected to ever more stringent child resort regulations. in that respect doesnt see to be whatsoever limit on how crazychild safety regulations can get. We put suffocation warnings on all the on every go of plastic filmmanufactured in the United States or for salewith an item in the United State s. We put warnings on coffee cups to tell usthat the contents may be hot.And we seem to think that any itemsharper than a golf ball is too sharpfor children under the jump on of 10. So where does this trend stop? When we round every corner and eliminate every sharp object,every pokey bit in the world,then the setoff condemnation that kids come in contact with anything sharpor not made out of round plastic,theyll hurt themselves with it. So, as the boundaries of what we determine as the safety z superstargrow ever smaller, we cut off our children from valuable opportunitiesto learn how to interact with the world around them.And despite all of our best efforts and intentions,kids be unendingly going to figure outhow to do the most dangerous thing they can,in whatever environment they can. So despite the provocative title, this presentation is sincerely about safetyand about some simple things that we can doto raise our kids to be creative, confidentand in control of the environm ent around them. And what I now present to you is an excerpt from a book in progress. The book is called 50 Dangerous Things. This is five dangerous things.Thing number one play with fire. nurture to control one of the most elemental military groups in natureis a pivotal moment in any childs personal history. Whether we remember it or not,its a its the first time we really getcontrol of one of these mysterious things. These mysteries are only revealedto those who get the opportunity to play with it. So, playing with fire. This is deal one of the great things we ever discovered, fire. From playing with it, they learn some basic principles about fire,about intake, about combustion, about exhaust.These are the three working elements of firethat you have to have to have a good controlled fire. And you can think of the open-pit fire as a laboratory. You dont know what theyre going to learn from playing with it. You know, let them tantalize around with it on their own terms and trus t me,theyre going to learn thingsthat you cant get out of playing with Dora the Explorer toys. look two own a pocketknife. Pocketknives are sympathetic of drifting out of our cultural consciousness,which I think is a terrible thing. Laughter)Your first your first pocketknife is like the first comprehensive tool that youre given. You know, its a spatula, its a pry bar,its a screwdriver and its a blade. And its a its a powerful and empowering tool. And in a lot of cultures they give knives like, as concisely as theyre toddlers they have knives. These are Inuit children cutting whale blubber. I first saw this in a Canadian Film Board film when I was 10,and it left a lasting impression, to see babies playing with knives. And it shows that kids can develop an extended sense of selfthrough a tool at a very young age.You lay down a couple of very simple rules always cut away from your body, keep the blade sharp, never force it and these are things kids can understand and practice wi th. And yeah, theyre going to cut themselves. I have some terrible scars on my legs from where I stabbed myself. But you know, theyre young. They heal fast. (Laughter) Number three throw a spear. It turns out that our brains are actually wired for throwing thingsand, like muscles, if you dont use parts of your brain,they tend to atrophy over time.But when you exercise them,any given muscle adds strength to the whole systemand that applies to your brain too. So practicing throwing things has been shown tostimulate the frontal and parietal lobes,which have to do with visual acuity, 3D understanding,and morphologic problem solving, so it gives a sense it helps develop their visualization skills and their predictive ability. And throwing is a combination of analytical and physical skill,so its very good for that kind of whole-body training. These kinds of target-based practice alsohelps kids develop attention and concentration skills.So those are great. Number four deconstruct applia nces. There is a world of interesting things inside your dishwasher. Next time youre about to throw out an appliance, dont throw it out. Take it apart with your kid, or send him to my schooland well take it apart with them. Even if you dont know what the parts are, confuse out what they might be foris a really good practice for the kidsto get sort of the sense that they can take things apart,and no matter how Byzantine they are,they can understand parts of them and that means that eventually,they can understand all of them.Its a sense of knowability, that something is knowable. So these black boxes that we live with and take for grantedare actually complex things made by other peopleand you can understand them. Number five two-parter. Break the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. There are laws beyond safety regulationsthat attempt to limit how we can interact with the thingsthat we own in this case, digital media. Its a very simple exercise debauch a song on ITunes, write it to a CD,then rip the CD to an MP3 and play it on your very same computer. Youve just broken a law. Technically the RIAA can come and persecute you.Its an important lesson for kids to understand that some of these laws get broken by accidentand that laws have to be interpreted. And its something we often reproof about with the kidswhen were fooling around with things and breaking them openand taking them apart and using them for other things and also when we go out and drive a car. capricious a car is a is a really empowering act for a young child,so this is the ultimate. For those of you who arent comfortable actually breaking the law,you can drive a car with your child. This is this is a great stage for a kid.This happens about the same timethat they get latched onto things like dinosaurs,these big things in the outside worldthat theyre move to get a grip on. A car is a similar object, and they can get in a car and drive it. Andthats a really, like it gives them a handle on a wo rldin a way that they wouldnt that they dont often have access to. So and its perfectly legal. Find a big empty lot, make sure theres nothing in itand its on private property, and let them drive your car. Its very safe actually. And its fun for the whole family. So, lets see. I think thats it. Thats number five and a half. OK.

Coal Bed Methane

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 0 Introduction 5 1. 1 About CBM 5 1. 2 Origin of methane 5 2. 0 CBM In India, An Overview.. 5 2. 1 Indias Energy Scenario 5 2. 2 CBM Activities In India. 6 2. 3 discipline Of CBM In India 7 2. 4 CBM Statistics In India. 7 3. 0 CBM Reserves & Indian Status.. 9 3. 1 CBM Reserves. 9 3. 2 CBM toil Status In India 10 3. maturation Of CBM, Indian Initiative.. 11 4. 0 CBM Projects In India. 12 5. 1 CBM Current Projects In India (By CIL). 12 5. 2 CBM Miscellaneous Projects In India.. 12 5. 0 CBM Market In India 14 6. 3 Cost Benefit Analysis.. 15 6. 4 Market Competitors & Their plow.. 15 6. 5 SWOT Analysis For Different Companies.. 16 6. 0 Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Rounds in India 17 7. CBM Round I & II 17 7. 7. 1 Allotment In Round-I (under First Order of Bidding).. 17 7. 7. 2 Blocks Awarded On nomination Basis.. 18 7. 7. 3 Blocks Awarded Under CBM polity. 18 7. 7 Round- II Awarding Of Blocks 18 7. 8 Allotment In Round-III 19 7. 0 Development Of CBM (Indian Initiati ves) .. . 20 8. 9 Indian Policies for CBM. 20 8. 10 monetary Terms . 20 8. 0 CBM Future In India . 2 9. 11 Challenges In Implementation. 22 9. 12 Prospects Of CBM In India . 23 8. 3 Opportunities Of CBM In India . 23 8. 4 Aw atomic number 18ness About CBM . 23 9. 0 Concluding Remarks 25 10. 0 Bibliography .. 25 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 to the nobleest degree CBM Thehistoryof CBM goes back to 1908, when the organization was founded by the German PastorErnst Jacob Christoffel. Since then, CBM has become one of the leading professional organizations for people with disabilities worldwide.Currently, CBM supports all over 1000 meets in over 100 countries. CBMs vision is of an inclusive world in which all persons with disabilities enjoy their gentlemans gentleman rights and achieve their full potential. 1. 2 ORIGIN OF METHANE Coal bed methane evolves during the renewing of the organic matter in the swamp, which later converts into peat after burial under reducing condition. As tempe rature out harvestings the peat converts into lignite followed by sub-bituminous, bituminous low- fickle medium volatile, high volatile anthracite and graphite.This process is known as blackenification. During this process at early stage biogenic methane evolves, later thermogenic methane is formed. Much of the methane generated by the coalification process escapes to the surface or migrates into adjacent reservoir or other rocks, only if a portion is trapped within the coal itself. In early stages of coalification, biogenic methane is generated as a by-product of bacterial respiration. Aerobic bacteria (those that use oxygen in respiration) first metabolize any free oxygen left in the ready remains and surrounding sediments.In fresh water environments, methane ware demoralizes immediately after the oxygen is depleted. Species of anaerobic bacteria (those that dont use oxygen) then cut down carbon dioxide and produce methane through anaerobic respiration. When a coals tempera ture underground reaches nearly122F and after a sufficient amount of time, most of the biogenic methane has been generated, and about two-thirds of the original moisture has been expelled, the coal attains an approximate rank of sub-bituminous.As the temperature increases above 122F through increased burial or increased geothermal gradient, thermogenic processes begin and additional water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen are generated as coalification proceeds to approximately the rank of high-volatile bituminous. Maximum genesis of carbon dioxide, with little methane generation occurs at about 210F. Generation of thermogenic methane begins in the higher ranks of the high volatile bituminous coals, and at about 250F, generation of methane exceeds generation of carbon dioxide. Maximum generation of methane from coal occurs at about 300F.With even higher temperatures and higher rank coals, methane is still generated, but at somewhat lower volumes. Primarily adsorbed on or absorbed wi thin micro pores of the coal. Coal bed methane is found associated with the coal/ lignite beds. This is the product that evolves during the process of coalification generally more in quantity than the coal cigaret hold. Some of the splash escapes in the surroundings but some of it lie in the coal under hydraulic pressure. Coal is unique in its deportment as it acts as a source as salubrious as a reservoir rock. Generally the gas content increases with rank. 2. CBM IN INDIA, AN OVERVIEW India is potentially fecund in CBM. The major coal sphere of influences and CBM blocks in Indian are shown in Fig. The directorate General of Hydrocarbons of India estimates that deposits in major coal fields (in 12 states of India covering an land of 35,400 km2) contain approximately 4. 6 TCM of CBM. Coal in these basins ranges from high volatile to low-volatile bituminous with high ash content (10 to 40 percent), and its gas content is amid 3-16 m3/ton depending on the rank of the coal, de pth of burial, and geotectonic settings of the basins as estimated by the CMPDI.In the Jharia Coalfield which is considered to be the most prospective area, the gas content is estimated to be between 7. 3 and 23. 8 m3 per ton of coal within the depth range of 150m to 1200 m. Analysis indicates every 100-m increase in depth is associated with a 1. 3 m3 increase of methane content. In India, commercializedized CBM production is notwithstanding to be started in full pace. Few EP companies like ONGC Ltd. , GEECL and Essar Oil have started production, but field festering is yet to be completed.India ranks 134th out of 182 countries, the same as in 2006, in the 2009 Human Development Report and is home to 60-80 million people with disabilities (PWDs). CBM regional office for the atomic number 16 Asia Region has prioritised implementation of programs in states which have high percentages of people below the poverty line and high number of people with disabilities. CBM started to cove r its support to India in 1967 and in 1975 the South Asia regional Office was established in Trichy, Tamil Nadu to coordinate activities in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.In 1994, the Regional Offices in North and South were established to cater to the senesceing projects supported by CBM. 2. 1 INDIAS ENERGY SCENARIO * India is one of the fastest growing economies. * The GDP growth is over 8%, likely to increase to over 10% in near future. * This GDP growth is required to eradicate poverty and meet countrys human development goal. * To sustain such growth 3/4 fold increase in primary energy requirement envisaged. * Integrated Energy Policy Document indicates total energy requirement of the country will increase from a current level of about 500 MTOe to 2000 MTOe by 2031-32. Efforts are on to utilize all possible energy resource- renewable, non-renewable, coal based additional resource etc to meet this gigantic target. 2. 2 CBM ACTIVITIES IN INDIA 1967 CBM extends support to India and the first Regional Office of CBM was opened in Trichy in 1975 for India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. 1975 The comprehensive ophthalmic health program for Thiruchirapalli was started in Joseph Eye Hospital. Community ophthalmology was born 1977 The first Community establish Rehabilitation (CBR) project at Musiri started with single disability. 1979Concept of integrated education was promoted by CBM. CBM has been included as a member of the Committee of the Rehabilitation Council of India dealing with optical Impairment. 1999 Together with other NGOs and WHO, CBM initiates VISION 2020 The Right to Sight, a global initiative for the elimination of avoidable blindness by the year 2020. 2004 CBM awarded by the Indian Govt. in appreciation of exemplary contribution towards elimination of Avoidable Blindness in India. 2006 CBM with other NGOs initiated programmed of Sound Hearing 2030. WHO SEARO has been supporting this initiative. . 3 DEVELOPMENT OF CBM IN INDIA Commercial production of CBM started and during 2008-09 it was 0. 15 MMSCMD (million Std cubic meter per day). The CBM production is expected to increase to 3. 6 MMSCMD by 2011-12 and to 7. 14 by 2014 2. 4 CBM STATISTICS IN INDIA * CBM pick 3. 4 TCM (CMPDI Estimate 2008) * 26 Blocks allotted for Commercial Development * Production potential 38 Million Cubic cadencys per day, which can support power generation of 6700 MW. * Commercial production of CBM started and was 0. 15 million cubic meters per day. * Expected to rise to 3. million cubic meters per day in 2011-12, showing 24 fold growth in 2 years. * Allotment of 8 more blocks under consideration of the Govt. 3. 0 CBM RESERVES Indian STATUS 3. 1 CBM RESERVES IN INDIA SNo. realm Coal Fields/Block Area (Sq. Km) CBM resources (BCM) 1 western Bengal Raniganj EastRaniganj NorthRaniganj SouthBirbhum 1330 144 2 Jharkhand JhariaBokaroNorth KaranpuraNorth Karanpura ( western United States)South KaranpuraRajmahal 1857 322. 1 3 Madhya Pradesh S ohagpur (East)Sohagpur (West)SatpuraSohagpur (North)Singrauli (West) 3059 195. 4 Chhattisgarh SonhatTatapani- RamkolaMand- Raigarh 2195 119. 9 5 Orissa Talchir 500 35 6 Maharashtra Wardha 503 19. 9 7 Andhra Pradesh GodavariKothagudem (East) 926 63. 65 8 Tamilnadu Manargudi 739 27. 7 9 Gujarat Barmer-Sanchor-IIICambay- ICambay- II 3010 224. 2 10 Rajasthan Barmer- Sanchor-IBarmer- Sachor- II 2065 182. 8 Total 16184 1334. 55 3. 2 CBM PRODUCTION STATUS IN INDIA SNo. State Prognosticated Resource (BCM) Recoverable Reserves 20-25 % of Prognosticated Resource (BCM) Production based on 20-25 % Recovery for 25 yrs. MMSCMD) 1 West Bengal 144 28. 8- 36 3. 15- 3. 94 2 Jharkhand 322. 1 64. 42- 80. 52 7. 0- 8. 8 3 Madhya Pradesh 195. 3 39- 48. 8 4. 27- 5. 35 4 Gujarat 224. 2 44. 8- 56 4. 9- 6. 13 5 Rajasthan 182. 8 36. 56- 45. 7 4. 0- 5. 0 6 Maharashtra 19. 9 3. 98- 4. 97 0. 44- 0. 54 7 Chhattisgarh 119. 90 23. 98- 29. 97 2. 63- 3,28 8 Orissa 35 7. 0- 8. 75 0. 77- 0. 96 9 Andhra Pradesh 63. 65 12. 73- 15. 91 1. 4- 1. 74 10 Tamilnadu 27. 70 5. 54- 6. 92 0. 61- 0. 76 Total 1334. 55 266. 91- 333. 64 29. 5- 36. 56 3. 3 DEVELOPMENT OF CBM, INDIAN INITIATIVE CBM resource in allotted (26)/ under allotment (8) CBM blocks 1. 8 TCM, Area- 17700 sq km. * Production potential in allotted blocks 38 Million Cubic Meter per day, which can support power generation of 6700 MW. * CBM well drilled 280, Total investment Rs 256 Crores (USD 57 million) * Reserve established by different operators in 5 blocks 8. 4 TCF * 3 blocks (Raniganj South-GEECL, Sohagpur West and Sohagpur East- Reliance Industries Ltd) has entered in development stage 4. CBM PROJECTS IN INDIA 4. 1 CBM CURRENT PROJECTS IN INDIA (BY CIL) * UNDP/GEF/GoI funded Demonstration project at Moonidih Sudamdih mines of BCCL. * CIL-ONGC commercial projects in Jharia and Raniganj CBM blocks * Successfully implemented at Moonidih mine of BCCL. * 3CBM well drilled and 3 potential seams in each well hydro- fractured 2 CBM wells are pro ducing gas after dewatering. * Dewatering creation taken up in 3rd well after which CBM production will start. Fig-Hydro-Fractured Unit of 3rd puff up 4. 2 CURRENT PROJECT ON CBM IN INDIA Great Eastern Energy Corporation Ltd (GEECL) hasbegunthe production and sale of coal-bed methane (CBM), the first such commercial project in India. GEECL is targeting initial production of 1. 5 million standard cubic feet per day (MMSCFD) estimated in- office staff gas in the block is 1. 92 trillion cubic feet (TCF) per Netherland, gallant and Associates, Inc. (NSAI) on 1 June 2007. * As of June 2007, GEECL had drilled, perforated and fractured 23 wells and installed the pumps. Nine wells are currently in production, delivering 991 thousand cubic feet (MSCFD) per day, along with 8,030 place of product watera current water-gas ratio of 8. barrels of water per MCF of gas. Over time, the water ratio decreases and gas production increases as the beds are dewatered. * Indias Directorate General of H ydrocarbons (DGH) has approved investing $150 million for drilling 100 production wells in four years. * Reliance Industries (RIL) and Oil and essential Gas Corporation (ONGC), the countrys two biggest exploration and production companies of conventional oil and gas, have also begun recovering some gas from coal beds. RIL has estimated in-place gas militia of 3. 5 TCF, and ONGC has reserves of around 1. 2 TCF. * RIL is likely to start commercial production by the end of 2007 ONGC is planning commercial production in 2008. 5. 0 CBM MARKET IN INDIA * The present scenario of rapidly increasing demand of CBM is highly encouraging for the year 2006-2007 the demand was of 231 MMSCMD and supply was 95MMSCMD and expected to grow from 168 MMSCMD supply demand was 313 MMSCMD in the year 2011-12 and in the year 2024-25 supply would be 170 MMSCMD while demand is expected to grow up to 391 MMSCMD. Directorate of Hydrocarbons recently took new areas for CBM exploration activities in CBM-III BID DING. Based on the characteristic properties viz occurrence of thick coal seams at favorable depth, high seam density, candid thermal maturity, favorable permeability, good gas content, sizeable coal reserves. * Recently, Govt. of India further announced 10 blocks in order to explore and produce (CBM). Out of these, two blocks each are located in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan and one block each in Jharkhand and West Bengal (MOP NG, 2006). For CBM contribution of 1% of total energy output, 1 well per 60 acre, the development area would be approx 360,000 acres, i. e. 1,450 sq km Exploratory Block area will be still larger. Approx 8,000 sq km of the coal bearing area is still unexplored for CBM. 5. 1 COST BENEFIT epitome IS PLACED BASED ON FOLLOWING ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions Parameter Unit Details Well productiveness SCM/Day 3500 Well Capital Cost 1. Construction Cost 2. Collection/ Compression/ Waste Disposal Cost $/well 778000291000 Cap ital Cost Escalation % 2Well Operating Cost 1. Operating Cost 2. GA Cost $/well 1720049600 Operating Cost Escalation % 2 Exploration Development course Years 3-5 Peak Production After Start of Commercial Operations Years 3-5 Gas Price $/mmBtu 5. 10 5. 2 MARKET COMPETITORS THEIR SHARE club/ Major Shareholder No of Blocks % of total blocks Area under Exploration (sq. Km) % of total area In-place CBM (BCM) % of total BCM ONGC 9 30 3214 19. 5 446 26 RIL 5 17 3885 23. 320 19 Essar Oil Ltd 5 17 2733 16. 6 259 15 Arrow Energy 5 17 2388 14. 5 416 24 RNRL 4 13 3266 20 194 11 GEECL 2 7 976 6 65 4 Total 30 100 16462 100 1700 100 5. 3 SWOT ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENT COMPANIES To enter into the market of CBM, various companies have their SWOT analysis, based upon which they decide to enter into the venture. The following table shows SWOT analysis for different competitors in India. Companies Strength Weakness Opportunities ThreatONGC Strong Opening MarketSubstantial Reserve Placement RatioInteg rated Operations PSU Constrained to Faster Decision Making Expansion through inorganic growthNew energy sources Intense competitionOil Gas damage fluctuations REL Dominant foothold in the marketExpanding market share in sectorVertical IntegrationEfficient Operations Opportunities Conventional sourcesKG-D6 block commencement privation of mid-stream operations Low-cost petrochemical productsHighly competitive interior(prenominal) market Essar Oil Ltd. Expanding market share in sectorConsiderable asset baseHorizontally integrated EnterpriseVast retail network Low run off on equity hold liquidity positionNegative operating margin New asset acquisitionExpansion plansCBM operations Stringent regulationIntense domestic competition GEECL Existing operations in CBMGas transformation Limited operations to CBM relatively limited acreage Expansion thorough inorganic growth Intense competition entry of large players in CBM sectorsOil Gas price fluctuation 6. 0 CBM ROUNDS IN INDIA 6. CBM ROUND I II * A TOTAL OF 16 BLOCKS AWARDED UNDER CBM-I CBM-II ROUNDS OF BIDDING AND NOMINATION BASIS AS ON DATE. * A TOTAL AREA OF 7810 SQ. KM. OPENED UP FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF CBM. * THE TOTAL CBM RESOURCE IN THESE 16 BLOCKS IS ESTIMATED TO BE AROUND 820 BILLION three-dimensional METRES. * THE APPROXIMATE PRODUCTION OF CBM GAS ESTIMATED FROM THESE BLOCKS IS 23 MMSCMD AT PEAK PRODUCTION LEVELS. 6. 1. 1 Allotment in Round-I (Under first order of bidding) 6. 1. 2 Blocks Awarded On Nomination Basis- 6. 1. 3 Blocks Awarded Under CBM Policy- 6. Round II Awarding Of Blocks- 6. 3 Allotment in Round- III- 7. 0 Development of CBM (Indian Initiatives) To facilitate the development of CBM, Govt. Of India formulated CBM form _or_ system of government in 1997. The highlights are as under- * Blocks to be awarded through open outside(a) competitive bidding system. * No participating fire of the government. * No upfront compensation. * No contact bonus. * Exemption from payment of customs duty on imports required for CBM operation. * Freedom to sale gas in the domestic market. * A seven years tax vacation. 7. 1 Indian policies for CBM The GOI, in order to utilize the CBM potential in the country formulated a CBM policy July 97. * Ministry of PNG became administrative ministry and DGH became implementing agency for CBM policy. * DGH did commendable work to operationalize the CBM policy. * DGH identified blocks for CBM exploration after interaction with the ministry of coal and other agencies in the known high rank coalfield areas. * Blocks offered through global competitive bidding by Ministry of PNG. * Fiscal, contractual and operating regime and model contract put in place with one of the best harm. Very liberal fiscal terms offered to attract investors. 7. 2 Fiscal terms * No participating interest of the government. * No signature bonus. * Allotment of blocks through global bidding. * Provision for bidding for more than one block. * 10% ad-valorem royal ty payable to state govt. * Additional production linked payment biddable. * Payment on sliding scale for every 0. 5 MMSCMD incremental gas Production beyond 1. 0 MMSCMD. * Freedom to get by gas in the domestic market determined prices. * Fiscal stability provision in the contract. * No customs duty on imports required for CBM operations. Arbitration provisions to be governed by the arbitration and Conciliation act, 1996, which is based on uncitral provisions. * Nominal commercial bonus of us$ 0. 3 million after discovery. * New petroleum tax guide to facilitate investors. * Corporate income tax payable as per income tax act, 1961. * Model contract to serve as guideline. * 7 year tax holiday from the date of commencement of Commercial production. 8. 0 CBM Future in India While GEECLs initial confirmed customers are industrial operations in West Bengal (the site of the project), the company forecasts high demand for CBM as an alternative fuel for transportation.Demand in Kolkata al one could reach 35 MMSCFD. Other West Bengali regularize vehicle demand could tally an additional 10 MMSCFD. Vehicle demand in neighboring Jamshedpur (200 km away) could reach 18 MMSCFD, according to the company. In India, commercial CBM production is yet to be started in full pace. Few EP companies like ONGC Ltd. , GEECL and Essar Oil have started production, but field development is yet to be completed. Steel, Glass, Ceramics and Paper manufacturing companies are showing keen interest to put up their plants in the region.The possible industries that can use CBM may be * Fertilizers, chemicals petrochemicals * townspeople Gas Industrial fuel supply * Power generation * Cement * Paper and paper products * Sponge iron steel * Ceramics * Glass * Textiles 8. 1 CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION * CBM Resource Assessment technique in de-stressed coal seams. * Techno-economic evaluation of identified CMM Project area. * Utilization technology of recovered methane. * Capture and Utilization technique of low concentration of methane in ventilation air. 8. 2 PROSPECT OF CBM IN INDIA To increase the pace of exploration and development of CBM the Government of India under CBM-III round of international bidding has identified 7 additional blocks in different coalfields, located in the States of Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand,West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh Rajasthan and hold sizable resources of CBM showing good prospectivity. 8. 3 OPPORTUNITIES OF CBM IN INDIA The CBM terms offered by Government are definitely the very best in the world- * Seven years tax holiday from the date of commencement of production. * Fiscal stability provision in the contract. * No participating interest of the Government. No signature bonus. * No custom duty on imports required for CBM operations. * Freedom to sell gas in the domestic market at market determined rate. * During the last 3 years more than 75 exploratory / pilot wells have been drilled in the 16 CBM blocks awarded during the last two rounds of international bidding. * Significant finds reported in Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro Sohagpur Coalfields in the Eastern and Central part of India * testing production of CBM in these blocks have yielded encouraging quantities of gas and commercial exploitation of Coalbed Methane (CBM) in India is no longer a myth but a reality. . 4 AWARENESS ABOUT CBM * Promotional Road Shows to be organized in January / February 2006 at USA, Canada, Australia, Russia, UK and India. * All the road shows to be presided over by the Honble Minister of oil color Natural Gas, besides the senior officials of the Ministry of Petroleum Natural Gas, Ministry of Coal and Directorate General of Hydrocarbons, Government of India. * A brochure giving details on the blocks on offer, the Geographical Location on a map of India, the Terms Conditions, Bid Format, a copy of the Modal CBM Contract and Price List will be made available free of cost. The Hard Copies Digital Copies (on work stations) of the Basin Information Dockets and Data Packages will be made available for inspection at data viewing centers in India and abroad. 9. 0 CONCLUDING REMARKS * Commercial exploitation of Coal Bed Methane (CBM) in India is no longer a myth but a reality. * The CBM gas flared in the test wells in Raniganj, Jharia and Sohagpur Coalfields in the eastern and central part of India bear ample testimony to the stories of success in the formative stage of CBM operation. India endowed with large resources base of coal and lignite contains sizable quantities of CBM gas. Initial test production in CBM fields of India shows encouraging results. * India has take a time bound aggressive dodge for exploration and development of CBM. * CBM an unconventional alternative source of natural gas has good future prospects in India. * CBM technology is proceeding with good space to prove itself as a cleaner energy security to India as well as the World. However, production strategy of methane from CBM is very much different from conventional gas reservoir.The study revealed that the coal type, rank, volatile matter and fixed carbon are strongly influence the surface assimilation capacity of methane into the coal bed. With increasing depth maturation of coal increases and generation of methane gas also increases. Gondwana basin as the most prospective CBM field is being developed now. From the studies, it is observed that Singareni coal field under Gandowana basin contains low gas Hence, presently it is not considered for CBM exctraction. However, in future this field may be considered for methane extraction using advanced technology and in emergency condition.Sequestration of CO2 helps in mitigation of global warming, at the same time helps in recuperation of methane gas from coal bed unveiled otherwise. However, detailed and intensive studies are required for efficient and economic production of coal bed methane. India with 4. 6 TCM of methane reserves in coal bed can enrich its per capita energy demand by successful exploitation of CBM. 10. 0 BIBLIOGRAPHY (Internet Based Methodology Only) 1. Singh, A. K. Activities on Development of CBM In India. Coal Sub-committee Meeting, New Delhi. March 5, 2010. 2. Ojha, K. K. CBM In India Difficulties Prospects. ltInternational Journal of Chemical Engineering Applications, Vol. 2. August, 2011. 3. Rana, Ashish Future for Energy Options for India. Reliance Industries Ltd. . 4. Singh, M. P. Status of CBM Investigations In India. 5. Overview of Indias CBM Policies Regulations. Methane to Market Conference. 6. Coal Bed Methane. Indo-US Coal Working Group Meeting. November, 2005. 7. Sawhney, Prem Developments In India, CBM. March 3, 2010. 8. Dutta, Shishir Economics of CBM. June 28-30, 2011. 9. GECL. Markets Distributes CBM in India for 1st clipping. February 28, 2008.

The Power of One

The Power of One, Booth, an Afrikaner, figureizes the racial hatred and ignorance in Africa. Booth, unknown and foreign to other cultures and races, abuses P. K. For macrocosm the only English boy in a school of Afrikaners. The only way he knows how to cope with others different to himself is to abuse and to humiliate. He blames his own faults on those who have less authority. Booth is a symbol for all those in Africa who dont care for anyone only when their own race. Booth does not accept P. K. So he sakes P.K. Regret even coming to the school. He bullies P. K. For being English. He would call P. K. Bishop and spit in his face, showing disrespect. Booths hatred makes P. K. So terrified that he would wet his bed every night in fear, spot Booth is the fearful one. His ignorance breeds fear. For P. K. s whole school year, he had one friend, Mother Courage. Booth knows that the only way to hurt P. K. Is to kill his only friend, as easily as his confidence. He hangs Mother Courage a nd kills her by slinging a rock at her. Then he hangs P.K. , but Just as he is about to sling a rock at P. K. , Booth gets caught and gets expelled. Booths fear of P. K. Gets him in trouble. His fear breeds dis manage. As the movies progresses, Booths grudge over P. K. Heightens. Before, Booth would analyze to crush P. K. s entire source of happiness, but once he notices It was not good enough, he goes for P. K. Instead. He blames P. K. For getting him expelled and ruining his life. He comes substantiate for P. K. , attempts to kill him, and kills the African tribes. His hatred at P. K. Ads him to hate on all the southbound Africans helping him. He destroys the town and kills most of the Africans Just to find P. K. HIS hate breeds violence. Booth Is the obstacle that blocks P. K. And all the Black South Africans to happiness Just like racism and Ignorance was the obstacle for all of Africa. Ignorance breeds fear. Fear breeds hate. Hate breeds violence. Sadly, this describes Boot hs attitude toward P. K. And the South Africans. No matter how hard Booth tried to bring P. K. s spirit down, P. K. Always won. It shows that P. K. N stand up to the abuse of Booth, as well as the black Africans can fight against the racism and Ignorance African persisted upon. By Mohammedan Booth would try to crush P. K. s entire source of happiness, but once he notices it was destroys the town and kills most of the Africans Just to find P. K. His hate breeds violence. Booth is the obstacle that blocks P. K. And all the Black South Africans to happiness Just like racism and ignorance was the obstacle for all of Africa. Ignorance Booth, as well as the black Africans can fight against the racism and ignorance

Course study

Expectations from Students a. Students moldiness report to the respective posings well before the announced time. Latecomers entrust not be permitted to Join the figure after the scheduled time. If late, the figureance for that session get out be marked as absent. B. Read the Case Study / material well prior to the class discussion. He/she is also expected to read the chapter indicated in the course plan as the faculty directs. C. In the class discussion student is expected to participate actively and contribute to individual and concourse learning. military rank is based on active participation. D.The participation has to be relevant and meaningful. Speaking for speaking sake will be counter- productive. Participation by Just repeating a point made or take on what someone has said will also be counter-productive. E. Evaluation is a continuous work out at BIBS. Every student needs to be cognizant of the timeliness given in the fraction below. Absence from these military ra nks will mean non awarding of marks in that particular component f. Wherever applicable, group assignments require each student to contribute to the roof effort. This enhances group effectiveness and leads to greater grasp of operative in groups. G.Formal dressing is suggested for all students. Do not roam in the academic area/ att fire classes in chapels / shorts / informal t shirts h. Students are expected to show high regard and appreciation for class discipline and desist from using mobile phones. This disturbs the class ambiance and unnecessarily diverts attention of separate students as well as the faculty member. To avoid these, mobile phones should be switched off inside the class dwell. I. I have given a scheduled consultation hour. Utilize this time to meet me and clarify doubts if any, test explanations and get mentored if needed. J. Attendance is compulsory in all sessions.However refer to guidelines in your academic handbook for thations. follow Code Unfair practi ces in tests and plagiarism in assignments / project work will straight international entail a ZERO to all involved parties. It is not relevant for me to bed the source and conclusion of plagiarism. kind Organization Class Representative One of you will be elected / selected by consensus as Class Representative for the CM course. S/he will be responsible for class room arrangements, dealing with academic office, for communicating information from me to the class and also to collect all assignments / project kit and caboodle and deliver them to me.Class Discipline Students must occupy their seats on/before the scheduled time and must remain seated until I announce the closure of the session. Students must have their name plates on the desk. riding habit of mobile phones is strictly prohibited in the class. Students must bring calculator and the text book to all(prenominal) class. While we may work & EXAMINATIONS. Students are free to ask questions/doubts/clarifications in the class on topics at a lower place discussion. For other doubts, they should meet me in my office during consulting hours.Evaluation Timeliness Keeping in line with continuous evaluation at BIBS the following schedules have been drawn. Students are expected to go through the pick ups / sessions mentioned and prepare accordingly. instalment Component Number Expected slot / due date Marks declaration by Weighted Class Participation After completion of academic term 1 1 academic term 12 10 2 After completion of Session 22 Session 23 3 After completion of Session 30 Session 31 -rest 1 Session 9 Session 10 -rest 2 Session 17 Session 18 -rest 3 Session 30 End exam At the end of the semester Total Performance till Midterm will be announced by end of session No. 6 in each course which means each student will know his / her performance in one CPA and two Tests. The final result will be state after the end examinations. Before the student takes the end examination he / she will be awa re of the progress in each course up to an extent of 60 marks. Students not taking the evaluation according to the timeliness mentioned above will not be given another opportunity except in extremely rare circumstances.It is should be noted, though, that the make exam would be of a higher fuss level than the regular exam (because the student get extra time) Notes 1. Make up test for Test- 1 & Test 2 are permitted only in EXCEPTIONAL cases. I must be convert about the reason in advance. It is should be noted, though, that the make exam would be of a higher difficultness level than the regular exam (because the student gets extra time). 2. Students with less than 60% attendance on the date of any evaluation component ill be awarded F grade for that component.

Financial Report for Sole Traders and Partnerships Essay

Sole tradersAccording to Peterson and Plowman As repair proprietorship is a condescension unit whose ownership and management argon vested in one person. This somebody assumes all risk of loss and failure of the enterprise and receives all profits from its successful operation. A sole trader describes any vexation that is owned and controlled by one person, although they whitethorn employ workers, e.g. a newsagents shop. Individuals who provide a specialist service like hairdressers, plumbers or photographers, are too sole traders. Sole traders do not have a separate legal existence from their owner. As a result, the owners are personally liable for the firms debts, and may have to pay them step forward of their own pocket. This is called infinite liability. Advantages* The firms are usually small, and easy to set up.* Generally, only a small mensuration of capital needs to be invested, which reduces the initial start-up cost. * The wage bill will usually be low, because i n that location a few or no employees. * It is easier to keep overall control, because the owner has a hands-on burn up to running the business and can make decisions without consulting anyone else.Dis favors* The sole trader has no one to share the office of running the business with. A good hairdresser, for example, may not be very good at handling the accounts. * Sole traders often work long hours and find it difficult to take holidays, or term off if they are ill. * Developing the business is also limited by the amount of capital personally available. * There is also the risk of unlimited liability, where the sole trader can be forced to change personal assets to cover any business debts.PartnershipsPartnerships are businesses owned by two or more(prenominal) people. A contract called a deed of confederation is normally drawn up. This states the type of partnership it is, how a lot capital each party has contributed, and how profits and losses will be shared. Doctors, den tists and solicitors are typical examples of professionals who may go into partnership together. They can benefit from shared expertise, but like the sole trader, have unlimited liability. A partnership can also have a sleeping partner who invests in the business but does not have dealings in the day to day running of the enterprise. Advantages* The main advantage of a partnership over a sole trader is shared responsibility. This allows for specialisation, where one partners strengths can complement anothers. For example, if a hairdresser were in partnership with someone with a business background, one could concentrate on providing the salon service, and the other on handling the finances. * More people are also contributing capital, which allows for more flexibility in running the business. * There is less time jam on individual partners.* There is someone to consult over business decisionsDisadvantages* The main disadvantage of a partnership comes from shared responsibility. * D isputes can arise over decisions that have to be made, or about the stew one partner is putting into the firm compared with another. * The distribution of profits can cause problems. The deed of partnership sets out who should get what, but if one partner feels another is not doing enough, there can be dissatisfaction. * A partnership, like a sole trader, has unlimited liability.Source taken from http//www.bbc.co.uk

History of Sport Essay

In my paper I onlyow for be discussing the early form of calis becauseics and how the men and women who implemented exercise and fitness into our everyday life. Although at that place were many disagreements among the early supporters the first sightings of go overled calisthenics are from physical nurture classes and in schools. Many fought everywhere what was beneficial for a human being and what was considered a waste of while. Many early idealists agreed appaun the bole and reason are connected thinking a sizable mind was impossible without an equally healthy body. Eventually as you get closer to the 1900s all educators for men at least go the thinking that physical education fibreicularly calisthenics was a prerequisite for child development.Meaning it was crucial, chief(prenominal) almost vital to becoming the most all around successful human able to carry through nothing short of greatness. The belief that by strengthening mans body a man could strengthen his testament. These were thoughts brought up long before the 19th century. Many men who believed in the connection between mind and body thought this was an individual responsibility calisthenics sightly provided the means. It gave everyone an outlook on the idea of what could vex down the road for men who exercised and trained what new levels of success could bring to a mans future just by adding another form of practice into your everyday schedule. In the 1820s American educators began to advocate physical education as well as organize some type of instruction.Many men and educators as time increased and popularity grew for health believed the athlete was the new hero and the new human form divine from all three articles the new idea of man became to be the aristocrat of character not an aristocrat at birth. They were trying to say just because you were born into money or born into wealth doesnt mean you were going to grow up to be the ideal king everyone expected you to be. You n eed to be taught, develop character, strength and the will to become the best.Corrupting the mind to control your destiny will lead to the control of your body to un seen lengths of being immortal or superior. Many Americans in the early form of calisthenics became obsess with health. Tons of men thought the key was strict dieting though the develop of strength training began to take control. As we get closer to the 19th century Americans are troubled with many un explained indispositions and disease. Many irregular doctors at the time emphasized exercise and hygiene rather then the radical remedies people performed on one another for cure by the regular physicians of the era.During the early part of the civil war for Americans 1861-65 made exercise and physical education a major component in their programmes. Due to the long war some men were forced to deal with anxieties that brought down much of the cheer in health and exercise. To balance out the progress already made before the war delivery men together from different sections of the country fighting together as one helped create and instigate the interest of sport.

Role of Nature in the Evolution of the Modern Cities

3.0 LITERATURE REVIEWMy thesis aims to explore the splendor of nature to an urbanite life the prompt gait yet numbingly everyday life in this concrete jungle. There is no 1 commentary to the relationship of expectant male & A nature in the urban circumstance of a seat of government and requires a multi-fold geographic expedition to get at any decision. My geographic expedition begins with a come off of the history and development of urban adorn vs. natural landscape in citys. Followed by, research on the effectuality of bing agreements of the dark-green alleviation pockets found in the metropolis and their relationship with urbanism in the metropolis. This forms the footing of research for in store(predicate) propositions made by critics and professionals, taking to any remarks that can be made on the relevancy of betterment and changes of the urban morphology. Through this layered researched, I aim to better understand the urban morphology in evident radiation of in tegrating of natural alleviation infinites into the urban landscape and its impact on the urbanites and their social behaviors.3.1 Role of Nature in the Development of the Modern CitiesIn the fresh epoch of development ( 19Thursdayto 20Thursdaycentury ) , the evolution of urbanisation 1 and the modern metropoliss has been a truly rapid procedure. Contrary to the past where hu valet de chambre homes contain peacefully coexisted with nature 2 ( Refer to Figure 1 ) , late there has been a revolution of form. The new arc absentectural layout of the human colonies is a web of cold concrete jungles with small concern for the operation of nature in the urban landscape.Modern metropoliss came as an reply to the population growing after the industrial revolution 3 . Cities grew larger became the back bone of the economic system and following the motion of modernism, 4 came the changes in the life style of urban inhabitants. Exponential growing of building of high rise edific es, modern places etcetera replaced and destroyed the natural landscape, paving manner for more steel and concrete constitutions.This was the age of man over nature 5 , where urban contrivers 6 followed the doctrine of generic forms, with no attending to localize environss and natural landscapes. Nature was a ductile entity, carved, flattened, relocated and unnaturally recreated to suit the demands of the built created by bighearted male. 7 Therefore, the construct of green alleviation infinites and the present momentance of natural landscape is either immaculately non counted, or an reconsideration, treated as sheer ornamentation to the edifices. Leaving the metropoliss, which house the larger Numberss of population 8 , with goose egg more than intimations of green infinites doing adult male to lose all connexions to his beginnings, i.e. nature, there were few who believed in the importance of nature in a mans universe, few who would plan with nature 9 Karach i faired non really different from this general description of modern metropoliss. Furthermore, being the largest gross manufacturer and biggest of the few metropolitan metropoliss of Pakistan, it entertains a high inflow of rural-urban migration. 10 In order to suit the rampant enlargement in Numberss the metropolis is turning beyond bounds ( Figure 2 ) and destructing environing natural landscape in the procedure. 11 These surveies of the mount of natural landscape within the urban landscape take me to research of how this current composing of the urban landscape impacts its user.2.2 Urbanism Between the Urbanite and the Urban LandscapeThe first text under treatment A lame on the Urban Experience and Limits of Perception , 12 a re plantation that uses the word drama to interpret the thought of sociability and sensibility , 13 and foreground the ability of architecture to restrict human perceptual 14 interaction.It touches upon various subjects under the class of ur ban infinites of metropoliss, their architecture and their influence on people. The characteristic matching to my peculiar surface argona of survey is the effort to understand how the architectural composing impacts the ordinary life of the urban inhabitant. The research proposes habitude of, new mapping techniques of Psychogeography 15 in the homesteader colony of Istanbul ( Pinar Mahalle ) , as they reflect the, Personal paths, finds, psychological distances, and looks 16 of the musician under observation. This brought Forth two chief countries of focal channelize the everyday cycle of mundane life experiences and the limited multi-sensory perceptual experience in urban experience 17 Psychogeography, the hit of psychological science and geographics 18 is employ as the method of resuscitating the urban experience of mundane life, in a mode that it arouses a sense of gaiety and consciousness within the participants, i.e. the users of the infinite. This playful inspiration gives manner to the, Theory of Drive 19 which tests the geographical bounds restricting perceptual experience. 20 The dimensions of the boundaries of, societal attractive forces and emotional zones of the urban geography 21 claim to be recognized so they whitethorn be extended to suit the participants.One dominant subject that stands out in the paper is the demand for treatment or adaptation of bing urban infinites to make more than merely a ocular experience, Instead of mere vision, or the five classical senses, architecture involves several kingdoms of centripetal experience which interact and fuse into distributively other. 22 This ability of architecture demands to be explored and integrated in design at the urban course so within these crowded metropoliss some degree of interaction and familiarity may be developed.However, if these steps are non taken, people leave stay stuck in a rut, detached from one another, losing out on parkland benefits an d compromising on a complete multi -sensory perceptual experience of infinites.The 2nd short coming of the urban landscape highlighted by this paper is the cold, dead composing of the environment. The design format and layout is everyday, humdrum and lacks any phase of alleviation infinite, ocular or physical. Therefore, the desperate demand of alteration in the bing format of these metropoliss is made apparent.Findingss of this paper are restricting in footings of contextual relevancy, nevertheless, twosome of statements discussed supra are non far from the truth of Karachis cityscape. Furthermore, the methods employed for research can be carried frontward as portion of primary research techniques 23 .The paper besides highlights the function of architectural design and layout of the metropolis as a nucleus participant in the game, specifying the life style of the participants. Baig 24 , supports this statement by stating It is non people entirely who generate the citys ethos instead the inanimate objects, such as the urban landscape, besides contribute towards organizing the urban spirit. 25 The, urban mizaaj ( i.e. urban landscape ) is dependent on the chances of life styles presented to the people by the, inanimate objects 26 around them. The largest per centum of inanimate objects of any metropolis is edifices and their connexions i.e. architecture, thereby under the theory of Architectural Determinism, 27 built environment becomes the main dictator of societal behaviour and interactions. 28 After understanding the impact of the urban landscape on human life style, the following class efforts to research the relationship of the urbanite and the natural landscape in order to narrow up whether some of the spreads of the above discussed relationship can be fill up through the add-on of natural landscape.2.3 Relationship of the Urbanite and NatureAs the modern metropoliss continue to come on towards a tech -savvy 29 hereafter the modern mans isolation from nature continues. Our technophilia 30 and technophobia 31 , i.e. the love and fright of engineering thrusts us to want such a strong statement over engineering, that it becomes our slave. However, our increasing dependence on the technological promotions has reversed functions, and adult male has become a slave to engineering. Robert Thayer 32 , states that our love for engineering can be demonstrated by, current residential landscape, reign by house, private road and garage 33 along the broad roadstead built to bear on the usage and easiness of cars. We so conceal behind a green facade and continue to experience through this heavy technological support system. 34 The consequence of this isolation is the happening of the term solastalgia the hurting experienced when we withdraw from a natural topographic point we love and cherish 35 .Louv, in his checks further argues the demand for interaction between adult male & A natural landscape and the do of deficiency of this interaction. In his first rule book, Last Child in the Woods 36 , he assign frontward the disadvantages on the development of kids due to miss of exposure to, Vitamin N ( N Nature ) 37 , doing a syndrome of Nature Deficit Disorder 38 . This is non a medical diagnosing but it is used to make consciousness of the damaging effects of this divide. These theories stemmed many out-of-door category room plans and incorporation of interaction with nature for kids has now become a more popular thought. 39 However, the impact of the book had a far more reaching impact than merely the restructuring or new experimental techniques of commission it besides stimulated the nostalgia of many grownups. Adults either reminisced the memories of a different childhood, from that of their kids or related to the symptoms of the disaffection from nature.He farther supports his statement with simple illustrations such as, Depressed people who were prescribed day-to-day out -of-door walks alter their tempers compared to patients manner of walking in a promenade. Alzheimer patients exposed to natural light fluctuations experienced less agitation and wandering. 40 The lack that Louv discusses in his plants highlights the importance of Vitamin N , to heighten our physical and mental wellness. This construct can now be tied back to the treatment in the old discussion section of relationship between urbanites and the urban landscape. The defects in the urban landscape are holding a damaging consequence on the metropolis inhabitants and can be countered with the integrating of the natural landscape in the cityscape.Testing this statement farther, the following subdivision entails a survey of the connexions lost between adult male, nature and metropoliss if there is a demand to reconnect and how these connexions perchance made?2.4 Man and Nature within the Urban LandscapeMy following text, Design with Nature , 41 begins with a comparing of the metropo lis and the countryside and the blunt differences between the two. When exhausted with the over overpowering metropolis one retreats to the soothe state side. However, every bit much as urbanites crave the alleviation found in the countryside they need the metropolis, whether for irresistible impulse of work or to carry through the demand to be portion of the dissipated gait life, therefore, they are drawn back to it. This reflects the divide in the feelings of adult male, torn between the roads taking to metropolis and countryside, coining the question of the writer of this book,It is my probe into a design with nature the topographic point of nature in a adult male s universe 42 The writer writes from ain experience of holding grown up in the industrial old ages of Glasgow and foreground the pros and cons of the metropolis vs. the countryside. From the beginning, the book distinguishes the two poles nature vs. built, with adult male caught in the center. This brings front ward a really of import vault of heaven of idea, if we can make the humane metropolis, instead than the metropolis of bondage to labor, the pick of metropolis or countryside will be between to excellences, each indispensable, each different, both complementary, both life enhancing, adult male in nature. 43 This extract highlights the machinelike, cold character of a metropolis discussed in the first portion of this research and how an flight to the countryside is simply a patch solution. Therefore, it proves the demand of integrating of landscape within the urban context of the metropolis.Ian L. McHarg 44 categorizes the metropolis and landscape architecture into multiple chapters, giving a elaborate design methodological analysis of integrating nature in urban planning, its application and its demand for execution by exposing the connexions adult male finds within nature. Within these the more outstanding subdivision is of The City Process and Form 45 , where the writ er explores the relationship of the built environment with nature and how when the two are paired together they do non compromise their possible but instead heighten it. He speaks about how the morphology of human colonies should be moulded along the natural morphology. For illustration, when guidelines for step paces can be defined, there should be regulations against edifice on flood lamp fields. 46 We are going a land of great metropoliss. Villages are stationary or withdrawing metropoliss are tremendously increasing 47 Similar to McHargs ideas on, city of bondage to labor, the pick of metropolis or countryside 48 , Ebenezer Howard 49 at the beginning of his book,Garden Cities of To-morrow 50 ,negotiations about two attractive forces, the town and the state but in his analysis he proposed a simple remedy, Human society and the beauty of nature are meant to be enjoyed together, the two magnets must be made one 51 . Therefore, ensuing in the 3rd magnet the Town Coun try 52 Garden Cities of To-morrowgoes on to giving theoretical account programs ( Figure 4 ) and privileged informations for a feasible system of town- state that developed with a cardinal park at its bosom. These thoughts and proposals were put away with the purpose to unite the best of both universes, bridging the spread of the rural with the industrial metropolis. 53 Critics consider Howards proposed system a instead Utopian solution to urban jobs, however, while the programs proposed may non be ideal, the thoughts can still be translated into new derivations.Bringing the research closer to place, to the metropolis of Karachi, research work refering capable green infinites, vicinity Parkss, nature belts etc. is being done.Urban Open Green Spaces are an of import agent lending non merely to the sustainable development of metropoliss but are considered as one of the approximately critical constituents in keeping and heightening the quality of life particularly of urban communi ties 54 Muhammad Mashahid Anwar in his paper, Recreational Opportunities and Services from Ecosystem Services Generated by Public Parks in Megacity Karachi-Pakistan 55 sheds an interesting visible radiation on peoples perceptual experience and positions on the assorted public green infinites of Karachi. Anwar carried out a study, with audiences of two changing income groups and vicinities, Defense Housing Authority and Gulberg Housing town. Consequences showed peoples purpose to utilize green public infinites, their willingness to pay if it ensures a clean good maintained environment and the most popular use of these public Parkss to be, nature grasp, light exercising such as walking and relaxation. The overall study proves peoples cognition about the topic and their concern for it, as bag recognized its advantages of lower air temperatures, counter to air pollution, aesthetic sweetening, recreational end product etc. 56 The above texts study the urban scenes of metropoliss and the function of nature or the deficiency of nature in these metropoliss. Psychogeography aid find boundaries of sociableness of infinites and multi-sensory experience while Design with Nature 57 and Garden Cities of To-morrow 58 high spots the demand of the multi-sensory experience to feed off nature. Therefore, an convergence of these multiple beds can set forth a image of how Karachis urban signifier can integrate nature intercessions, by redefining the urban landscape composing.