Piston Engine Performance Diagram Engineering Essay

The purpose of this chapter is to happen an aircraft with a constellation that best suits the type of operation of our client. The Piston engine has different flight features from a jet engine. To happen the most suited type of engine the public presentations of the different sort of engines have to be examined ( 3.1 ) . There are many Piston engine aircraft available ( including turbo- and supercharged aircraft ) . To separate the most suited Piston engine aircraft at that place will be looked at a broad choice of aircraft where the public presentations, fuel ingestion, scope, figure of riders and the planetary costs are compared. The undermentioned criterion demands are set: the aircraft must be able to wing over a certain tallness of conditions formations, the maximal height is hence distinct to be more than 15.000 pess. Because the aircraft must be suited as concern aircraft and must be able to make more than 15.000 pess, it is necessary to hold a pressurized cabin. Otherwise the concern squad have to set their O masks on which counteract comfort. A conditions radio detection and ranging must be installed to be able to avoid unsafe state of affairss every bit good as de-icing equipment to maximise safety and comfort. The velocity of the aircraft is besides of import because the squad does non desire to be off from place for long periods. The largest distance and therefore the longest flight clip is 482.2 NM, to be able to cover this distance in a lower limit of 3 hours the velocity of the aircraft must be about 160 karats. Finally the seating capacity of the aircraft must be plenty for the concern squad to go in comfort, the seating capacity must be at least 4 seats including the pilot & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s place. Now one individual engine and one multi engine Piston aircraft will be chosen ( 3.2 ) . The same comparing will be made to happen the most suited individual jet and multi jet aircraft ( 3.3 ) . Another type of jet aircraft is a turbo-prop, t he most suited individual turbo-prop and multi turbo-prop aircraft will be chosen ( 3.4 ) . At last in chapter 3 there will be concluded what the top six aircraft are and why this pick has been made ( 3.5 ) .3.1 Engine public presentationAircraft engines generates power to force air rearward ensuing a tenseness drawing the aircraft forwards which is called push. The Piston engine, jet engine and propjet engine prescribed in chapter 2 are all plausible power workss to be equipped on the client his aircraft. Engine public presentation of those three engines differ. Piston engines execute comparatively low power causation aircraft equipped with Piston engine winging slow and on low heights ( 3.1.1 ) . Aircraft intended to wing faster and higher are likely equipped with jet engines or turbo prop engines. Jet engines has a comparatively high compaction ratio which consequences in a more expeditiously fuel burn ( 3.1.2 ) . Jet engines faces more external influences which could impact engi ne public presentation, compared with Piston engines. Turboprop engines about don`t differ from jet engines, because turbo prop engines does be of an integrated jet engine. The lone factor which has a negative influence on engine public presentation is the propellor efficiency ( 3.1.3 )3.1.1 Performance Piston enginesA Piston engine generates shaft power by firing fuel in reciprocating Pistons, to drive a propellor mounted on the engine. The power produced by the engine itself is defined as shaft brake power ( Pbr ) . Pbr is non the entire power, which is available to impel the aircraft. A portion of the Pbr dissipates due inefficiencies or aerodynamic losingss of the propellor. The propellor efficiency ( & A ; deg ; A?A? & A ; deg ; ) multiplied with the Pbr consequences in the power available ( Pa ) . Pa is besides equal to the true airspeed ( TAS ) multiplied with the push ( T ) . Paragraph 2.1.1 at page $ $ $ explained that propellor efficiency varies with the TAS, and the prope llor pitch additions when TAS increases and frailty versa to keep the optimal propellor efficiency, if a variable velocity propellor is integrated. Power required ( Pr ) Is the power needed to keep TAS in an un-accelerated degree flight. Pr is equal with the TAS multiplied with the retarding force ( D ) . Figure 3.1 indicates a public presentation diagram of a Piston engine. 1 = Stall velocity 2 = Max endurance 3 = Max scope 4 = Max velocityFigure 3.1 Piston engine public presentation diagramThis public presentation diagram shows two lines, which circumscribe the Pa, and the Pr. Pa varies depending on trust scenes. This diagram shows the highest possible push scenes, be cognizant that the Pa line is able to traverse the Pr line at any numbered point aligned in the diagram. The aircraft accelerates if the Pa is more compared with the Pr, and height is maintained. The diagram shows four exceeding points with respect to an un-accelerated degree flight. The stall velocity ( 1 ) is the lowest possible Tantalum in a horizontal flight. The lift coefficient CL is maximal at point one. The maximal endurance ( 2 ) is the velocity, which requires the lowest needed push. Piston engine push scenes are straight relative with the fuel flow per clip unit. That means that per unit of fuel, the longest clip can be flown. The maximal scope ( 3 ) aligns the minimal ratio between Pr and TAS. Keeping the maximal scope velocit y means that per unit of fuel, the longest distance can be flown. It besides means that the CL/CD ratio is maximum. The maximal velocity ( 4 ) aligns the point where Pr is equal to Pa. There is no power available left to speed up, or ascent keeping the same TAS. The public presentation diagram demoing in figure 3.1 shows a general overview of Piston engine public presentation. The aligned operational velocities could change due to certain conditions. Conditionss that affect piston engine public presentation are: Aircraft weight Altitudead 1 aircraft weightAppendix 3.1.1 shows the same four exceeding points as in figure 3.1. Due to the influence of weight, the Pa remains the same because the engine public presentation is non depending on aircraft weight. As figure 3.2 shows, the stall velocity ( 1 ) additions when aircraft weight additions. Stall velocity additions with a factor. When aircraft weight doubles, the stall velocity additions by 41 % . The soap endurance ( 2 ) lessenings because the entire retarding force and fuel flow per unit clip increases as aircraft weight additions. Remarkable is that the soap endurance velocity additions while aircraft weight additions. The soap scope ( 3 ) lessenings while aircraft weight additions. Max scope is inversely relative with aircraft weight. The soap scope velocity additions as aircraft weight additions. The soap velocity ( 4 ) lessenings when aircraft weight additions.ad 2 heightAppendix 3.1.2 shows the influence of height on Piston engine public presentations . Piston engines public presentation depends on air denseness. Pa varies with height since air denseness decreases if height additions. There are besides four exceeding points in the diagram as in figure 3.1 and appendix 3.1.1. The stall velocity ( TAS ) ( 1 ) additions if altitude additions. The Indicated airspeed ( IAS ) remains the same because entire air force per unit area, which is measured and expressed in IAS, remains the same. The soap endurance ( 2 ) lessenings because Pr additions due to a lessening in air denseness. The soap scope ( 3 ) does non depend on height. The soap scope velocity additions if altitude additions. This means that fuel ingestion per maritime stat mi remains the same while the TAS additions. So a distance can be flown faster without salvaging fuel. The soap velocity ( TAS ) ( 4 ) additions if altitude additions.3.1.2 Performance Jet Engine Aircraftsdfsdfsdfsdfsdfdsfsf11243The available push of jet engines is in direct proportion to the fuel flow of th e engine ; by increasing the fuel flow the engine generates more thrust. By uniting the retarding force and lift of an aircraft as a map of the air velocity, a public presentation diagram can be made for jet engines ( figure 3.X ) . This diagram shows of import velocities, which are straight related to the lift and retarding force of the aircraft. The first of import velocity in the diagram is the 1g-stall velocity ( 1 ) . This is the minimal horizontal velocity of the aircraft, besides called the 1g-stall velocity. At this velocity the aircraft is winging with an angle of onslaught, which has the greatest lift coefficient ( CL-max ) . The 2nd of import velocity is the maximal endurance velocity ( 2 ) . This is the velocity at which the aircraft has the lowest retarding force. The lowest retarding force consequences in the lowest fuel flow so that the aircraft can digest the longest clip with this velocity ; hence the maximal endurance velocity. Not merely is the maximal endurance v elocity of import to cognize, but besides the maximal scope velocity of the aircraft ( 3 ) . At this velocity the relation between velocity and retarding force is at its lower limit, which makes the fuel flow per winging distance minimal. This consequences in the velocity at which the aircraft can wing the furthest. Finally the maximal horizontal velocity of the aircraft is besides shown on the diagram ( 4 ) . This is the velocity at which the upper limit available push is equal to the retarding force of the aircraft. Figure 3.X Performance diagram jet engine 1 = 1g-stall velocity 2 = soap. endurance velocity 3 = soap. scope velocity 4 = soap. horizontal velocity All these different operating velocities vary due to certain conditions. The conditions that affect the public presentation of an aircraft with jet engines are: The height The ambient temperature The air velocity The weight of the aircraftad 1 The heightAs we know, the ambient air force per unit area decreases as the height additions. With a diminishing air force per unit area the denseness besides decreases which consequences in less mass air flow into the engine and therefore less thrust. The retarding force of the aircraft is, nevertheless, independent of the height. With an increasing height, the retarding force remains the same while the true air velocity ( TAS ) increases because of a diminishing air denseness. This has every bit consequence that the stall velocity additions in TAS. The endurance of jet engines is changeless with the height and the maximal scope additions with an increasing height ( appendix 3.1 ) .ad 2 The ambient temperatureJet engines are limited by the RPM and the turbine gas temperature ( TGT ) of the engine. When the ambient temperature is high, the engine will make its maximal TGT Oklahoman than when the ambient temperature is lower. When the ambient temperature is comparatively low, the engine can run at higher Revolutions per minute before the TGT is reached, ensuing in more thrust. At high ambient temperatures the push of the engine varies with the temperature, but at comparatively low temperatures ( below ISA+15 ) the generated push is changeless with the RPM. At these temperatures the engine is called level rated.ad 3 The air velocityAs the airspeed additions, the produced push of the jet engine will cut down due to an addition of the recess impulse retarding force. Air come ining the recess of the engine is slowed down and loses impulse due to compaction, before it is accelerated once more. This loss of impulse is called recess impulse retarding force and consequences in a decreasing push with an increasing air velocity. The addition of air velocity, nevertheless, besides consequences in more air mass per unit volume through the engine, which leads to an addition of push. These opposing effects consequence in an overall push, which va ries depending on the engine & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s design ( appendix 3.2 ) .ad 4 The weight of the aircraftThe weight of the aircraft besides has a important influence on the public presentation of an aircraft with jet engines. It does non impact the public presentation of the engine itself, but the whole aircraft. More weight of an aircraft consequences in more retarding force. To get the better of this retarding force and to maintain winging horizontal, the aircraft should increase its angle of onslaught or increase its air velocity. The public presentation diagram shows that an increasing weight of an aircraft has a negative consequence on the public presentation of the aircraft ( appendix 3.3 ) . The stall velocity additions with an increasing weight and the endurance and maximal scope will both lessening with an increasing aircraft weight.3.1.3 Performance Turbo-prop EngineThe public presentation of a turbo-prop aircraft is about similar to the jet aircraft. The turbo-pro p engine is driven by a jet engine. In a turbo-jet engine the speed and force per unit area of the exhaust gases create the push but in the turbo-prop engine merely a little sum of the push comes from the fumes gases. This is due to the fact that most of the energy has been absorbed by the turbine for driving the propellor. When ciphering turbo-prop public presentations the public presentation of a jet engine can be taken, merely thing where must be thought of is the propellor efficiency.3.2 Most suited Piston aircraftFrom all the little Piston aircraft ( including turbo- and supercharged aircraft ) , there will be looked at the public presentation, fuel ingestion, scope, figure of riders, and the planetary costs to find the best scorch engine and the best multi engine Piston aircraft. Global costs are several variable costs such as fuel ingestion, set downing fees and an estimation of care. First a comparing will be made of single-engine Piston aircraft ( 3.2.1 ) and thenceforth a comparing of multi-engine Piston aircraft ( 3.2.2 ) . A concluding recommendation will demo the most suited aircraft of its type for the intents set in this chapter.3.2.1 Single engineIn this paragraph the most suited aircraft with a individual Piston engine is determent. A pre-selection is made with initial demands. Those demands are range, take-off distance, and monetary value. The following tabular array ( table & A ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦.aircraft comparing ) show which aircraft meets the demands set earlier.& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Takeoff Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWsoap sail elevation ( foot )Cruising velocity ( karat )monetary value ( dollar )Cessna P210N Turbo centurion II90060050027.000193438.000Cessna Skyhawk SP6401.6301.33514.000124307.500Cessna Turno Skylane9711.3851.35020.000165398.100Cessna Turbo Stationair7031740139527.000164557.500Cessna Corvalis TTx1.2501.9002.64025.000235733.950Beechcraft Bonanza G369081.9131.45018.500176691.390Piper Matr ix1.3431.0871.02825.000213757.000Piper Arrow8801.00062016.200137323.850Piper Archer LX5221.13592014.100128319.200Cirrus SR20785147885317.500155276.690Cirrus SR221.1701594114117.500185380.000Cirrus SR22T9478221.14125.000214475.000Average9181357119820567174471515Table & A ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦.aircraft comparing With the current demands the aircraft are able to acquire to their finishs and land safely within the budget. With the extra demands determent before in this chapter the most suited aircraft is explained. After those extra demands the Cessna P210N Turbo centurion II is left as the most suited aircraft. The Cessna P210N has a pressurized cabin, a maximal sail height of 27.000 foot, a conditions radio detection and ranging option and de-icing equipment. The Cessna is capable of easing siting for five riders and has a high plenty cruising velocity of 193 karats. In Annex & A ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦ . ( Annual sum-up ) a comparing is made of the selected aircraft and the costs over 10 old ages. In this comparing the Cessna P210N is one of the more expansive aircraft but the lone aircraft that fits the demands needed for this type of concern trips. The initial costs of the Cessna P210N are approximative 343.600 euro and the variable costs with 300 flight hours yearly are 75.794 euro. Variable costs include fuel, airframe care, labour and parts, engine Restoration and assorted costs. In ten old ages the sum costs will be about 1.101.607 euro.3.2.2 Multi engine Piston aircraftMulti engine Piston aircraft have better belongingss than individual engine Piston aircraft. There are many legislated multi engine Piston aircraft normally used in the European general air power. However, some of these aircraft do non run into the managers demands stated in paragraph 3.2.1. The staying aircraft besides needed to hold a pressurisation system and de/anti ice equ ipment ( table 3.x )& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Takeoff Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWsoap sail elevation ( foot )Cruising velocity ( karat )monetary value ( dollar )Beechcraft 58P Baron13562200200020000200325.000Beechcraft G58 Baron12002500230020688192829.000Beechcraft 60 Duke10202200200030000214193.000Beechcraft B60 Duke11202200200030000214250.000Cessna 340A14052400220029800170299.000Cessna 41111302700250026000202135.000Cessna 414A13272600240030800183189.000Cessna 421A1488240022002700019775.000Cessna 421C17122400220030200205249.000Piper PA31 Navajo11602200200029000165169.000Average12922380218027348194271.300Table 3.x Aircraft comparing These aircraft are besides compared on estimated variable costs ( appendix†¦ .Multi engine Piston aircraft ) . The most expensive aircraft to buy, turns out to be the cheapest aircraft in a period of 10 old ages ; the Beechcraft G58 Baron. This aircraft will hold an estimated variable cost of 278 euro per flight hr. When runing 300 flight hours annually, the estimated sum costs of the Beechcraft G58 Baron are 1.479.660 euro in a period of 10 old ages.3.3 Jet aircraftThe most suited single- and multi-piston engine aircraft are found. The following aircraft type looked at is the jet engine. The jet engine has an recess, which sucks in the air ; the air is so quickly compressed and fuelled to light. After ignition the air has a enormous increased velocity, which propels the aircraft. There is a figure of jet aircraft presently used. Some of the aircraft have merely one engine others could hold six. In the hunt of our aircraft we look at the individual engine jets and the jet aircra ft, which have two engines. The jet aircraft with one jet is called a Single Jet engine aircraft ( 3.3.1 ) . The aircraft with two or more engines is called a multi-engine Jet aircraft ( 3.3.2 ) . For either type of aircraft the best aircraft is chosen in order to happen the best aircraft for our CEO.3.3.1 Single engineA individual engine jet aircraft is exceeding in its sort. The aircraft uses one jet engine, which propels the aircraft. This sort of aircraft is more luxury than their similar sized propellor aircraft. For illustration the aircraft has the option to hold a lavatory inside the aircraft. The downside of this sort of aircraft is that the initial cost of the aircraft is much higher than the propellor driven aircraft. The initial monetary value& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Takeoff Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWsoap sail elevation ( foot )Cruising velocity ( karat )monetary value ( dollar )Diamond D-Jet13502500190025.0002401.380.000Excel-Jet SportJet 10001800180025.000& A ; Acirc ;1.000.000Piper Jet Altaire13002.3002.00035.0003202.199.000Eclipse 40012502.0452.10041.000& A ; Acirc ;1.350.000Cirrus Vision SF5012001.6001.24528.0002101.000.000of these sorts of aircraft is about one million dollars and the monetary value per flight hr varies from 500 dollars to 700 dollars. Table 3.X shows the monetary values and specifications of five different individual jet aircraft. Three of the five aircraft are more expensive seen the initial monetary value and monetary value per hr. The monetary values of the Diamond D-Jet and the Piper Jet Altaire are significantly higher than the other three ; this will except both of them. The Excel-Jet Sportjet is still a truly futuristic aircraft, the aircraft is meant to be a make it yourself aircraft so this will except the aircraft. The initial monetary value and monetary value per 3000 hours is comparable to the last two, but there is no known information about De-icing. Three of the five aircraft are now excluded from our picks, this will ensue in the determination between the Eclipse 400 and the Cirrus Vision SF50. Both aircraft have alone expressions ; they both have a V-tail and one jet engine located between the V-tail. Both aircraft have luxury seats and the cockpit is futuristic for the pilot. The specifications are all tantrum for the undertaking it has to follow with. The scopes of the aircraft are adequate to wing to every location and back without the demand of refuelling the aircraft. Both aircraft can wing the needed velocity to keep a maximal flight clip of two hours to any of the locations. Besides both aircraft have de-icing equipment ; the Cirrus Vision has metal boots and the Eclipse 400 has rubber boots. The difference between the two aircraft ballad in the initial cost and the cost per hr. The Eclipse 400 has an initial cost of 1.35 million dollars and the Cirrus Vision costs one million dollars. But the & A ; acirc ; ˆ?per hr & A ; acirc ; ˆA? monetary value of the Eclipse 400 is 80 dollars less than the Cirrus Vision. The first 3000 flight hours the Eclipse 400 is still more expensive. But the Eclipse is less expensive than the Cirrus Vision after 4375 flight hours. A decision can be made on these findings, the initial monetary value of the Eclipse 400 is 350.000 dollars more but the Eclipse will be less expensive after 4375 hours. If the CEO is winging the aircraft for a period of more than 5000 hours the difference in monetary value will be 50.000 dollars. The Numberss given are achieved doing usage of simple math equations, which include initial monetary value plus cost per hr apparatus against the clip flown with the aircraft. All the monetary values for the cost inclu ding 3000 flight hours and the differences are given in dollars. In euros the entire monetary value for the Eclipse 400 will be 25.000 over two million and the entire monetary value for the Cirrus Vision will be 60.000 euros under two million. This is the initial cost of the aircraft plus the 3000 flight hours. However the initial specifications asked by the CEO are set on 3000 flight hours. After 3000 flight hours the Cirrus Vision is still less expensive than the Eclipse 400. So the Cirrus Vision is the chosen individual Jet aircraft. Table 3.X3.3.2 Multi engine jet aircraftMulti engine jet aircraft has plausible the best public presentation in airspeed and height compared with propjet and Piston engine aircraft. The advantage of runing a twin engine aircraft is the dependability to do a safe attack after an engine failure. The disadvantage is that keeping two jet engines is more expensive alternatively of 1 jet engine. The purchase costs of an aircraft in the class & A ; acirc ; ˆ?very visible radiation jet & A ; acirc ; ˆA? starts from an approximate & A ; acirc ; ‚ ¬700.000. Tabel ten shows the most suited purchase options in the class multi engine jet aircraft.& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Takeoff Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWsoap sail elevation ( foot )Cruising velocity ( karat )monetary value ( & A ; acirc ; ‚ ¬ )Maverick smartjet12501320144725.000277697.500Embrear bequest 50030004600210045.0006081.416.800Embrear bequest 45023004000200045.0005931.170.400Tabel t enIn add-on to the clients demand there is no suited aircraft in this class. The Maverick smart jet agrees the budget but is non equipped with a de-icing installing. Both Embrear Legacy aircraft agree the clients demands, and would run absolutely on the determined paths. The lone advantages are the cabin size which is designed to transport up to eight people, and both aircraft require aviation of 2 pilots.3.4 Most suited turbo-propFrom all the little turbo-prop aircraft, there will be looked at the public presentation, fuel ingestion, scope, figure of riders, and the planetary costs to find the best scorch engine ( 3.4.1 ) and the best multi engine turbo-prop ( 3.4.2 ) aircraft. Global costs are several variable costs such as fuel ingestion, set downing fees and an estimation of care. Finding a suited aircraft that fulfils the operating demands within the budget is hard, because turbo-prop engines are expansive.3.4.1 Single engineIn this paragraph the most suited aircraft with a ind ividual propjet engine is determent. Again a preselecting is made with the initial demands. The two functional aircraft are seen in tabular array†¦ .. ( Aircraft comparing ) .& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Takeoff Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWsoap sail elevation ( foot )Cruising velocity ( karat )MTOW ( pound )Pressurized cabinSeatingmonetary value ( dollar )Pilatus PC-68701.4441.03325.0001256.173& A ; Acirc ; No101.000.000Cessna Caravan1.2951.16071525.0001868.000& A ; Acirc ; No111.600.000Table & A ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦.Aircraft comparing Both aircraft are by all agencies able to transport adequate people. The Pilatus PC-6 does non suit the velocity bound and is hence non possible as concern aircraft for this operation. The Cessna Caravan does carry through the velocity bound but is a small overpriced. The initial costs can be raised, if the aircraft turns out to be the best. The Cessna has de-icing equipment and conditions radio detection and ranging. The variable costs of the Cessna will be about 500 Euro per runing hr. Variable costs include fuel, airframe care, labor and parts, engine Restoration and assorted costs. The variable costs in ten old ages based on 300 flight hours a twelvemonth will be 1.500.000 euro. The operating costs of the Cessna Caravan in ten old ages will be about 2.753.721 Euro. The Cessna Caravan is the most suited individual engine propjet aircraft but does non suit the concern operation because there is no pressurized cabin available. Reasoning it can be said that in this monetary value class and the type of engine there is no suited aircraft for the company & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s demands.3.4.2 Most Suitable Multi-Engine Propjet AircraftFour different aircraft are found for the most suited Multi-Engine Propjet aircraft. The job is that the aircraft all deficiency of the de-icing equipment needed for the most suited aircraft. There is an option on every aircraft to attach boots on the wings and the stabilizers. But the anti-ice equipment needed on the propellor blades is non included in any of the aircraft. In short the multi-engine propjet aircraft are excluded for the most suited aircraft, which would be recommended to the CEO. If we deny the fact that the de-icing equipment is non valuable plenty the aircraft are still excessively expensive to suit the budget. The budget is 1.5 million dollars and the cheapest multi propjet ( Hawker Beechcraft King Air C90GTx ) aircraft costs 3.6 million dollars. Besides the monetary values per flight hr start from 500 dollars per hr boulder clay 690 dollars per hr. So the estimated monetary value for the undermentioned 3000 flight hours is non interesting for the CEO. A decision can be made harmonizing to the findings for the most suited multi-engine propjet aircraft. None of the found aircraft fit the parametric quantities, which are set up for the most suited aircraft.& A ; Acirc ;Range ( nanometer )Max sail elevation ( ft. )Max velocity ( karat )Cruising velocity ( karat )Cost pH( $ )Pressurized cabinPrice ( $ )Cost 3000FH( $ )De-IcingKing Air 250161035.000310& A ; Acirc ;630Yes5.800.0007.690.000NoPiaggio P180 Avanti II147041.000402690Yes5.700.0007.770.000NoPiaggio P16691524.000220220540No5.000.0006.620.000NoKing Air C90GTx131130.000270208500Yes3.600.0005.100.000NoTable 3.X3.5 DecisionThere were six classs out of which the best aircraft is chosen. As there was no multi jet engine aircraft which fits in the managers demands, five aircraft where selected ( table 3.x ) .Range ( nanometer )Take Off Distance ( foot ) MTOWLanding Distance ( foot ) MLWMax Cruise Alt. ( foot )Cruise Speed ( karat )MTOW ( pound )SeatingsPrice ( euro )Costss per FH ( eur o )Cessna P210 Turbo Centurion II90060050027.0001934.0005341.640251,16Beechcraft G58 Baron1.2002.5002.30020.6882025.5006646.620277,68Cirrus Vision SF501.2001.6001.24528.0002106.00071.528.000390Cessna Caravan1.2951.16071525.0001868.000111.248.000390Beechcraft King Air C90GTx1.3112.5522.36330.00020810.48582.808.000390Average1.1811.68214.2426.1382006.79771.314.452339,77Table 3.x Selected aircraft The best three aircraft demand to be chosen out of these five aircraft. The Beechcraft King Air C90GTx is the first aircraft, which drops off because of the high purchase monetary value. The 2nd aircraft, which drops off, is the Cessna Caravan ; the purchase monetary value does non suit in with the public presentations. This means that the top three aircraft are the Cessna P210 Turbo Centurion II, the Beechcraft G58 Baron and the Cirrus Vision SF50. The Cessna P210 Turbo Centurion II is the cheapest aircraft in a period of 10 old ages, it is nevertheless the smallest and the slowest aircraft. The Beechcraft G58 Baron is more expensive than the Cessna, it is nevertheless more epicurean and has a higher sail velocity. The Cirrus Vision is the most expensive aircraft of the three. It provides nevertheless many services which can non be found at the other three aircraft. The seven seats arrangement can be easy adapted in a four seats agreement, which consequences in tonss of infinite and comfort. The cabin has an optional toilet and there is a orbiter phone connexion available. A worldwide conditions system is integrated in the Garmin GFC700 pilotage show. The Garmin GFC700 pilotage system besides supports RNAV, which is utile when voyaging with DME and NDB beacons is over. The Cirrus Vision fills the spread between high public presentation Pistons, traditional propjet twins and visible radiation concern jets.

Are Bilinguals Smarter Than Monolinguals Essay

Because of this, there is a debate to decide whether the next generation of children should be exposed to a Bilingual education. This has led to research into whether Bilingual education slows the learning of literacy and numeracy (Barnett, Yarosz, Thomas, Jung, & Blanco, 2007). Research has also looked at specific enhancements (Goetz, 2003; Kovacs, 2009) and downsides (Kaushanskaya & Marian, 2007) to being Bilingual. This essay reviews the evidence from Literature to determine whether Bilinguals are smarter than Monolinguals. There is a current debate as to whether Monolingual or Bilingual education is a better approach to produce smarter students. Specifically this debate looks at whether Bilingual education hinders the development of literacy and numeracy. Barnett et al. (2007) reported that statistically there was no hindrance to literacy and numeracy in 3 to 4-year-old English-Spanish Bilinguals compared to English Monolinguals (p. 288). They also reported that the Bilingual education produced significant increases in Spanish vocabulary (Barnett et al. , 2007, p. 277). This suggests that Bilingual education produces more knowledgeable and hence smarter students. Studies also found that Bilinguals have enhanced reasoning capabilities (Goetz, 2003; Kovacs, 2009). Kovacs, (2009) found that 3-year-old Romanian-Hungarian Bilinguals performed significantly better than Romanian Monolingual children in several different reasoning tasks (p. 48). The increased capacity to reason which Bilinguals experience is likely to produce superior educational outcomes. However, not all studies show that being Bilingual is advantageous. Kaushanskaya and Marian (2007) found hat Russian-English Bilinguals were sensitive to the phonology of Russian language (p. 140). This means that when these Russian-English Bilinguals come across a new word in English, they are less likely to be able to understand its meaning. This phonological ability is commonly used in testing intelligence quotient (IQ) (Williams, McIntosh, Dixon, Newton, & Youman, 2010). IQ has been shown to only have a partial effect in predicting educational success (Alloway & Alloway, 2010). Hence, although this phonetic ability is useful, it does not necessarily measure smartness. In conclusion, current Literature suggests that Bilinguals may be smarter than Monolinguals. Through specialised education research has shown that Bilinguals are more knowledgeable without sacrifice to the quality of literacy and numeracy (Barnett et al. , 2007). Research has also shown that Bilinguals have enhanced reasoning ability (Goetz, 2003; Kovacs, 2009). In contrast, they may also suffer from interference to their phonology from knowing several languages (Kaushanskaya & Marian, 2007). This means that they may have difficulty in discerning meaning from unknown words. However, this is not a measure of smartness but rather of IQ. Although Bilinguals may be smarter than Monolinguals when considering the current Literature, to be conclusive, further research should be completed, to ascertain the successfulness of Bilingual students in comparison to Monolingual students, in higher level education. References Alloway, T. P. , & Alloway, R. G. (2010). Investigating the predictive roles of working memory and IQ in academic attainment. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 106(1), 20-29. doi: 10. 1016/j. jecp. 2009. 11. 003 Barac, R. & Bialystok, E. (2012). Bilingual Effects on Cognitive and Linguistic Development: Role of Language, Cultural Background, and Education. Child Development, 83(2), 413-422. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1467-8624. 2011. 01707. x Barnett, W. S. , Yarosz, D. J. , Thomas, J. , Jung, K. , & Blanco, D. (2007). Two-way and monolingual English immersion in preschool education: An experimental comparison. Early Childhood Research Q uarterly, 22(3), 277-293. doi: 10. 1016/j. ecresq. 2007. 03. 003 Goetz, P. J. (2003). The effects of bilingualism on theory of mind development. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6(1), 1-15. doi: 10. 1017/S1366728903001007 Hatt, B. (2007). Street Smarts vs. Book Smarts: The Figured World of Smartness in the Lives of Marginalized, Urban Youth. The Urban Review, 39(2), 145-166. doi: 10. 1007/s11256-007-0047-9 Kaushanskaya, M. , & Marian, V. (2007). Bilingual Language Processing and Interference in Bilinguals: Evidence From Eye Tracking and Picture Naming. Language Learning, 57(1), 119-163. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1467-9922. 2007. 00401. x Kovacs, A. M. (2009). Early bilingualism enhances mechanisms of false-belief reasoning. Developmental Science, 12(1), 48-54. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1467-7687. 2008. 00742. x Rubio-Fernandez, P. , & Glucksberg, S. (2012). Reasoning About Other People’s Beliefs: Bilinguals Have an Advantage. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38(1), 211-217. doi: 10. 1037/a0025162 Williams, T. H. , McIntosh, D. E. , Dixon, F. , Newton, J. H. , & Youman, E. (2010). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales with a high-achieving sample. Psychology in the Schools, 47(10), 1071-1083. doi: 10. 1002/pits. 20525

Spanglish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Spanglish - Essay Example For example, Spanglish might sound like "Vamos a la store para comprar milk" to mean "Lets go to the store to buy milk." A bit more complicated form is the making up of words, or basically switching between languages within a word, by translating a word or phrase literally. The most amusing form of Spanglish is when an English word is Hispanicized (e.g., â€Å"troca† or â€Å"troque† for truck). In all cases, the resulting language or product does not bear the generally acceptable correctness of grammar rules and word usage. The proliferation of a hybrid street language like the Spanglish in dominantly English-speaking United States poses a serious threat not only to the socio-cultural aspect of the country’s development, but also to its economic and political growth. Why is Spanglish a threat to the overall development of the U.S.? Foremost, the language of politics and commerce is English. In a highly globalized economy of nations, there is only one language used: English. It is in no way, therefore, that a mangled and prostituted English in the form of Spanglish can help facilitate the nation’s coping up and rising above the challenges brought about by globalization. Secondly, it is culturally unwell for any nation, much less the U.S., to uphold and encourage the proliferation of â€Å"languages† like Spanglish as doing so would show the people and the world as a whole a lack of healthy cultural identity. Many groups and academicians tag it as an appalling mutilation of the Spanish and English languages, and is an obvious indication of laziness or inability to learn the language properly. These lead to the conclusion that Spanglish is a language of the incompetent and uneducated people, and as thus, is nothing but a hip or a trend totally useless in the mainstream world. Spanglish, given the limits and its lack of clear-cut rules of word usage and grammatical composition, is definitely not even a

DESCRIBE AN OBSTACLE YOU'VE OVERCOME AND HOW IT HAS DEFINED YOU Personal Statement

DESCRIBE AN OBSTACLE YOU'VE OVERCOME AND HOW IT HAS DEFINED YOU - Personal Statement Example Meanwhile, a 35-year old woman came to the centre with a 5-year old child. The woman was very upset because her child was crying due to a muscle strain. She needed urgent help from me but I had no idea how to deal with such problems. At first, I decided to ask the woman to wait for the physician for an hour. But looking at the condition of her child, I decided to take the challenge and provide treatment to the child by myself. So I recalled the lectures which my professor gave me in the class regarding treatment of muscle strains. I started the treatment by applying ice 5 to 6 times on the child’s affected muscle to reduce the swelling and pain. After I was done with applying ice, I did gentle stretching of the child’s affected muscle. The treatment really worked as the child stopped crying and started walking easily. My physician appreciated my performance when I told him in detail about the incident. This experience played a great role in developing my interest in becoming a professional physician after earning a high-level degree in the field of medical science. This experience also helped me gain a lot of confidence and I started working with more dedication and enthusiasm at the health care

Shakespeare's Mystery Identity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Shakespeare's Mystery Identity - Research Paper Example Regardless of their nature, conspiracy theories are, by their very nature, engaging. If it were not for the fact that conspiracy theories and alternate views of history were not engaging and interesting, individuals would not integrate with a belief in them. However, even though a litany of different conspiracy theories exist with respect to the way in which the world exists and what has taken place in the past, a thread of commonality exists between almost all of these conspiracy theories; namely, the dearth of evidence that exists to back them up. One of the more engaging conspiracy theories that exists within literature, and the analysis thereof, is the theory that William Shakespeare was not the sole author of all of the work so that are attributed to him. This theory has many different variants; however, the most popular denotes the fact that William Shakespeare was merely a pseudonym through which different individuals published the work so that it now so commonly and widely be en attributed to William Shakespeare. The first and most common point of interest that those who do not believe William Shakespeare was an individual capable of such works of poetic symbolism and colorful language point to is the fact that the William Shakespeare that exists in recorded history did not possess a formal education. As such, individuals who approach the issue from this particular standpoint Harold the fact that even though William Shakespeare could have been self educated, his overall level of understanding for the English language, unique symbolism, philosophical interpretation, religious overtones, and a firm grasp of history is extraordinarily unlikely for an individual that was not of â€Å"high birth†.... Although it is true that William Shakespeare inherited and â€Å"Honorable† title from his father, this title in and of itself was rather low as compared to the level of education and knowledge that Shakespeare possessed (Kingsley-Smith 158). It must be understood that within the current era, it is quite possible for an individual of low status and low birth to integrate with high levels of education and better themselves in an effective manner. However, within Shakespeare’s time, low birth was akin to a sentence of austerity and relative hardship. As the middle class did not firmly exist within the United Kingdom until the 17th century, it is unlikely that an individual of relatively humble birth could’ve integrated with such a high level of education from such an early age. Another definitive argument that is pointed she was with respect to the fact that William Shakespeare was intimately aware of the affairs of European court. What is meant by this is that eac h and every oil house that existed within Europe, during and before Shakespeare’s lifetime, operated within a given set of defined and traditional guidelines. As such, a familiarity with the way in which British court operated and the Royal decisions were made upon the throne did not extend universally to the way in which French affairs of court, Danish affairs of court, or Italian affairs of court were delineated. As such, beyond merely a great depth in education, Shakespeare was uniquely and seemingly intimately aware of the way in which affairs of court were conducted; blending one to believe that the individual who was ultimately responsible many of Shakespeare’s works was in fact a royal or an esteemed individual with

Any topic for play Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Any topic for play - Movie Review Example It was really done in an excellent and most convincing manner. It was always considered one of the crowds favorites because it was original. The plot of the play was able to illustrate and describe the pain, the longing, the struggle, the love and the loss. Every person who was able to watch the play can certainly attest that it was the most romantic story ever heard. At the end of the play, we are left heavy-hearted. The actors who played were well selected and were able to play their part excellently. The accent and how they delivered their lines were very convincing. Definitely, the play is worth doing. It is one of the best stories and plays ever written and depicted. Romeo and Juliet is our trademark in unconditional love. Before the romantic movies, and love songs that we have right now, there was always the Romeo and Juliet story ever famous to us all. The play was worth doing because not only did it was well executed, it also was well prepared. It is one of best plays I have ever seen, a very unforgettable

Literature Review on Learning Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Literature Review on Learning - Dissertation Example It has been estimated that around 1 billion people around the world use English everyday (Crystal, 1996). These same individuals would be speaking or writing the language in a wide variety of settings such as the business world or the academe. Such a scenario reinforces the fact that teaching English can be a very daunting task. Prospective teachers must not only deal with the sheer complexity of the language itself but also due to its global nature, the differences in each pupil’s capabilities and learning preferences that are becoming broader. Over the years, various scholars of different nationalities have attempted to formulate their own methods to improve instruction in a native language or to introduce a second language. A careful study and comparison of their works especially the researches on improving English instruction, may aid in the formulation of a successful teaching program.James Asher (1966) was known for his studies which became known as the Total Physical Response experiments. This proceeded with students listening to commands being given in a specific target language, where the whole class including the instructor, would immediately respond by performing the appropriate physical action. When these commands become familiar, the teacher would remain seated and only the students will continue responding to the given commands. Sometimes, a few unfamiliar utterances may also be given. Verbal responses by the students would only be initiated when the students feel they are ready. Many of the grammatical featur es in a language can be introduced through this method with almost any grammatical constituent being able to get taught.

Operationalising the AMO (Ability, Motivation, Opportunity) framework Assignment

Operationalising the AMO (Ability, Motivation, Opportunity) framework - Assignment Example The AMO framework, also known as the people and performance model, is defined as the sum of the ability, motivation and opportunity of an employee (Raiden, Dainty, and Neale, 2006). ... As Boxall and Macky (2009) noted, â€Å"every human resources system works through its impacts on the skills and knowledge of individual employees, their willingness to exert effort, and their opportunities to express their talents in their work. However, human resource systems also affect a range of variables on a more collective level, helping to build organisational capabilities, and influencing the organisational culture, and social and psychological climate in which individuals are embedded.† More so, studies show that the AMO model does not only impact the organisational performance but the high performance work practice as well. Human resource managers are guided by policies and strategies covered by the disciplines of human resource management. These principles help managers in dealing with obstacles and serious situations of handling people well (O’Donnell, Livingston, and Bartram, 2009). Lee and Cummings (2008) supported this claim by recognising that managers â€Å"are credited with the responsibility of front line leadership and management.† As such, the knowledge of these leaders in applying the ability, motivation and job opportunities framework to employees and the workplace by implementing its theories into the company’s organisational behaviour is essential in the success of human resource management. Katou and Budhwar (2009) maintained that â€Å"the motivation to perform is further moderated by managerial style and organisational culture.† Strategies that can be used by managers include creating reward programmes, creative recruitment methods, job rotation and job redesign. To achieve high performance from employees, managers can apply the learning behaviour consequences feature of

Same-sex marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Same-sex marriage - Essay Example As the debate escalates over same sex marriage, the religious community of America remains with divided opinion on homosexuals entering marriage bond. When one idealizes of marriage, it is the image of a man and woman come in the minds. A marriage is an institution where a man and women take vow to love and care each other and procreate to keep the family lineage alive. It is revealed that, seventy percent of people in US oppose gay marriage and same proportion of people favor the same. It means the same people who opposed this issue are also favoring it on the other side. However, same sex marriages are not natural phenomena to talk about, as it does not result in an offspring which is a main objective of the union between man and woman. To accept same sex marriage is equal to being unnatural and provokes evil and immoral thoughts in the mind of people and creates a society which will eliminate the expanse of humanity. Genuinely speaking, homosexuals and gays have same right to live happily like any other person, and if they will to enter a marriage it not a very deniable act. Thinking from the point of view of human and civil rights, it can be argued that there is nothing wrong in giving them a platform to live joyfully. Considering the rights of homosexuals, five states of US have made legal the domestic partnership or civil unions of these groups.

Compare and contrast save the children uk and actionaid uk Essay

Compare and contrast save the children uk and actionaid uk - Essay Example Within just 10 years it was able to stretch in many other countries such as Spain, France, Italy and Ireland. (ActionAid, 2010) Recently, it has reached 40 countries worldwide fighting poverty and helping over 13 million people. ActionAid is working with a motive to end poverty and providing children with quality education. It helps the poor in organization against injustice and to demand the entitlement of their rights from their government. (ActionAid, 2010) They have partners all over the world from large to small entities forming international networks and national alliances, working together for justice, giving education, working for women rights, working against diseases and imposing solutions for the currently faced organizations. Save the children is a UK based charity organization, set up for the rights of children and saving lives in emergencies. It also campaigns for the rights of children and providing a helping hand in their future. (Save the Children, 2010) Save the Children was set up 90 years ago, in 1919, by a women Eglantyne Jebb. (Save the Children, 2010) It was based in the UK. The organization has now extended to about 50 odd countries throughout the world and has been able to reach over 6 Million children worldwide. Governance refers to the operations and management of an organization or a country. It is governed by the board of trustees which is headed by Andrew Purkis, who has been the chair of three well known charities. (ActionAid, 2010) It has few of the most competent people taking prominent places in the board are responsible for the major decisions. The board works on the principles of accountability, transparency and honesty for the interest of the people. It operates with a framework of good governance as it tries to attain the concept of globalization by participating along with some of the famous organizations such as the World Trade Organization, International Monetary fund and World

Paleolithic period Essay Example for Free

Paleolithic period Essay In the Paleolithic period, all the tools used by human beings were made of stone. The tools were useful to their hunting and gathering lifestyle as agriculture was yet to develop. Paleolithic art was hence characterized by wild animal drawings and paintings that was mostly done in caves. The animals depicted in the cave art might have been a source of food, sacred or used for pre-hunting rituals since most of those caves were located in uninhabited areas. Sculptures of the animals that existed in that era were also carved. The Neolithic period saw the introduction of metal tools to complement stone tools, human settlement into communities, agriculture development and domestication of animals. As a result, several drawings have been discovered depicting the Neolithic way of life; mostly domestic animals like herds of cattle and horses. There were also increased images and sculptures of humans (mostly females). The animal incisions on rocks and sculptures in this period were sharper and had finer finishing thanks to the use of more advanced metal tools compared to the all stone tools of the Paleolithic period. Sociology was a major factor in the differences in animal depictions between these two periods. For instance, humans in the Paleolithic period did not live in communities as a result of their hunting and gathering lifestyles which were characterized by constant movement and the lesser the number of humans in a group, the minimal the competition for food acquired. This explains the images of hunting scenes and wild animals in widely scattered and concealed caves. The social structure in the Neolithic period changed to formation of communities that inhabited villages which explains the paintings of domestic animals adjacent to human dwellings. REFERENCES M. Hoover, Art of the Paleolithic and Neolithic Eras. July 2001. Art History Survey 1, San Antonio College. May 22, 2010 http://www. alamo. edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/palneo. htm

Power subsystem Microsatellite

Power subsystem Microsatellite This subsystem is responsible for supplying power to the entire satellite, converting solar cell energy to on-board battery energy, and distributing power to various other subsystems. The power subsystem of the microsatellite is designed for a remote sensing mission to carry out on sun-synchronous orbits at 700 km altitude at an inclination of 98.19 degrees. The payload of the microsatellite includes a multispectral remote sensing camera which takes picture of polar region in a visible spectrum and a surrey GPS receiver especially designed for low earth orbit. Microsatellite payload weighs 5 kg and with a mean power consumption of 9W. Sub-system power budget is estimated according to the payload power requirement with 15 percent margin. Total estimated power requirement for the microsatellite is 70W. Microsatellite subsystem Power Allocation :- End Of Life Estimated Microsatellite Power 70 W Subsystem % of Operating Power Power (W) Payload 15 10.5 LSTS Bus Propulsion 0 0 Thermal Control 10 7 Attitude Control 15 10.5 Power 15 10.5 Communications 20 14 C D Handling 10 7 Structure 0 0 Margin 15 10.5 Total 100 70 The power subsystem of the microsatellite is designed for Low Earth Orbit for five years period. The power estimated for subsystem has a 15% contingency margin. Primary power source for the satellite is the solar array that is body mounted on the microsatellite. The satellite is in near polar sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 700 km, total orbital period of the satellite is 98.77 min. The microsatellite experience eclipse for about 35.29 min. Solar array for the microsatellite is designed according to the mission requirement. Batteries are secondary power source during the eclipse when no sun light is available. The selection of the solar cell and batteries are made according to power required end of life of the satellite and trade study between different solar cell and batteries but decision is made to satisfy the estimated mass size and power budget of the satellite. As the satellite is a cube shaped and spins stabilized body mounted solar panels to places on all the four sid es of the satellite for a uninterrupted supply of power to the subsystems. Altitude 700.00 km Earths Radius 6,378.00 km Total Power Requirement (const. day and night) 70.00 Watts Earths Gravitational Constant 3,98,600.00 km2/s2 Power transfer efficiencies:- Xd 0.85 Xe 0.75 Inherent Degradation Id 0.80 Worst Case(ÃŽ ¸ deg) 23.00 (deg) Mission Life (yrs) 5.00 (Yrs) Life time Degradation (Ld) 0.98 Angle ÃŽ ± (rad) 1.12 (rad) Angle ÃŽ ± (deg) 64.30 (deg) Orbital Peroid (P) (sec) 5,926.21 (sec) Maximum Eclipse Peroid (Tn) (sec) 2,117.08 (sec) Minimum Power Sunlight (Td) (sec) 3,809.12 (Sec) Average Solar array power (Psa) (W) 134.23 W Multijunction Solar (GainP/GaAs) Po 301.00 W/m2 BOL Power (Pbol) 221.66 W/m2 EOL Power Requirement (Peol) 216.17 W/m2 Solar array Area (m2) 0.62 m2 Mass of Solar Array (kg) 3.36 kg Solar array weight ( body mounted so Msa x 4 ) 13.42 kg The primary power source of the microsatellite is chosen to be Multijunction Solar cells (GainP/GaAs). These solar cells have an efficiency of 23 percent and most advanced for their category. The required solar panel area of the microsatellite to sufficiently support the power requirement of the microsatellite subsystem is 0.62 m2 but for a body mounted microsatellite, all the four faces of the cube shaped satellite will have the following area. The estimated weight of the solar panels is 3.4 kg and the total weight of all the panels on the satellite is 13.5 kg. The main advantage of the body mounted solar panels is such that they have more life expectancy as they are not exposed to radiation for a long time, but it is compensated with the additional weight of the solar panels. The primary power source should be able to generate 135 Watts of power to sustain the power requirement of the subsystems as well as enough to charge the batteries as they are the secondary power source of the mission. For Given Ni H cell Assuming Data for 700 km altitude Energy Density 100.00 W.h/kg DOD 1.60 0.27 log10 [cycles] Power during Eclipse 70.00 W Altitude 700.00 km Battery Voltage 28.00 Volts Xb-l 0.90 No .of eclipes per day 15.00 5 year Mission Orbital Peroid (P) (sec) 5,926.21 Sec Time of Night (Tn) (sec) 2,117.08 Sec Eb (energy supplied during eclipse) (W.h) 45.74 W.h Cycles 26,607.25 Depth Of Discharge (DOD) 0.41 1a)Ebcap (energy battery capacity required) (W.h) 112.87 W.h 1b) Battery Capacity (A.h)(assuming voltage is 28 v) 4.03 A.h 2. Total Battery Mass (kg) 1.13 Kg The secondary power source is required to generate power during eclipse in the orbit to sustain microsatellite subsystems. The secondary power source for the mission is chosen to be NiH batteries as they are good for long cycle life and they have advantage of mass and volume over most of the current batteries available. They have good specific energy density of 50 W.hr/kg. The main advantage of these batteries is such that they are widely used in space mission and constantly updated with new technologies. They have depth of discharge of 40% that is good for this kind of mission. Total secondary power source weight is 2.3 kg. (((((((((( References SMAD and System Integration Aegis)))))))) Communication subsystem The communications subsystem is the lead for the interface between the satellites and the ground stations. The communications subsystem helps in demodulating the received uplink signals and transmitting downlink signals .The subsystem also helps us to maintain a track over the satellite by transmitting received range tones and by acting as logic between receive and transmitted signals. Data Rate The remote sensing microsatellite is designed for a Low Earth orbit at an altitude of 700 km. The payload of the satellite is a multispectral camera that takes picture of the poles in visible spectrum. The 20 degrees minimum elevation angle and a resolution of 50 is assumed for the satellite and the data rate is calculated for the satellite. Altitude (km) 700.00 Radius of Earth (km) 6378.14 Orbit Peroid (mins) 98.77 Ground Velocity ( km/s) 6.76 Node Shift (∆L = S) (deg) 24.76 ÃŽ µ (deg) 20.00 ÃŽ · (deg) 57.86 Zc 27818.52 Za 133.06 Z 3701467.63 DR (Visible)(bps) 37014676.33 Maximum Time in View (min) 6.66 The data rate calculated is 37Mbps adding 10 percent margin data required to send back to ground station is estimated to 40Mbps. Band Link Technology For the current microsatellite mission an S-Band telecommunication system is researched, analyzed, and chosen as the best system for establishing communication between satellite and the ground station. Application Specifications Downlink Rate Max 2.5Mbps Power RF Output .4W Power Consumption 3.4W Weight 420g Volume 190X135X22 mm3 The table above shows the specification if the Surrey Satellite S band communication system transmitter details. This has an advantage of low mass, power and data rate which completely satisfy the mission constrains. The above transmitter system also has a S-Band antenna for this transmitter which has specifications as follows.(((((((((((((((((((memo com2 // surrey satellite)))) Specifications Number of Antennas Needed 4 3dB Beamwidth  ± 35 ° Weight 80g Volume 82X82X20 mm3 Link Budget Link budget for the system S band communication system is designed considering the factor to transmitting the data rate of 40Mps within 6.5mins or 400 sec. The link budget is a process of accounting all the possible gains and losses during transmitting and receiving the signals from transmitter to receiver. The equations below are used to determine link budget: Total spacecraft received power (uplink budget) Uplink Signal to Noise ratio (Will help determine probability of bit error) Total Ground Station received Power (downlink budget) Downlink Signal to Noise ratio (Will help determine probability of bit error) 2.4.1 Slant Range The Slant range was calculated as follows for a 5 degree elevation angle. 2.4.2 Attenuation of the Signal The biggest contributor to the attenuation of the signal is free space loss. There are many other losses such as cable loss, polarization loss, cloud, rain, etc. The frequency used for the S-Band calculation is 2.2GHz. Atmospheric loss is caused by absorption due to such factors as oxygen and water vapor in the atmosphere. Atmospheric, rain, clouds and ionosphere scintillation were assumed to be 0.5dB for 2.2GHz. Further investigation into these effects needs to be completed next semester. With X-Band the total loss due to these factors was calculated to be 0.76dB. S-Band is expected to have a much lower loss. Polarization loss was estimated from [9] 2.4.3 Calculating EIRP There will be passive losses in the equipment such as losses in the coax cables. This number was used from the previous year. Power transmitted was obtained from the specification on the Surrey transmitter as 0.4 Watts. Looking at the Co-Polar gain on Figure 2 it is seen that there is a gain of at least 0dB for angles between +/- 70 °. 2.4.4 Ground Station Antenna Gain Using an antenna that is 4.5m in diameter with efficiency of 0.55 the gain is calculated as follows: 2.4.5 Signal to Noise Calculation The signal to noise ratio will determine the Bit Error Rate (BER), as determined from the following graph [8]. From this graph it can be seen that to obtain a Bit Error Rate of 10-5 which is typical of space missions, a signal to noise ratio of 4.4 dB is needed. The Link Budget calculations will determine if the system will meet the 4.4 dB of signal to noise ratio at the ground station. System Noise is a function of temperature and was determined from table 13-25 [2]. 4.8dB is above the minimum 4.4dB theoretical signal to noise ratio required. This leaves only a 0.4dB margin which needs to be approved upon. The output RF power could easily be increased from 0.4Watts by using an amplifier, but would be at the expense of the satellite power budget. The Surrey Satellite equipment is a viable solution. Thermal Subsystem The thermal control subsystem is the integral part of the satellite design. It helps out all the components that are exposed to thermal environment are not affected badly. Thermal control subsystem accomplish safe working of all the satellite subsystems and their components by constituting a thermal model.The following process includes inputs from different subsystem of the satellite by identifying the thermal loads that will acting on them during the mission lifetime as well as their operating tempertature for the smooth running of the mission. Thermal Loads The satellite experience or exposed to thermal enviroment during gound testing, transportation, launch , orbit transfer and operational orbits. The thermal environment concerned is during its operation in space. There are four main loads acts on the satellite during its mission.(smad) Direct Solar Radiation: The main source of direct solar radiation is the Sun. It is major source of environmental heating on the satellite, it is a stable energy source and it constant to the fraction of second. The intensity of the sunlight on the earths mean distance of 1 Astronomical unit (AU) is 1367 W/m2. Earths Albedo: Albedo is the reflected sunlight reflected from earth . It is highly as it is the fraction of incident sunlight that is refected back to space. Refletivity increases over land rather than in oceans. Reflectitivy increases with decreasing local solar -elevation angle. Earths Infrared Energy: It is also refereed as blackbody radiation, all incident sunlight do not reflected back as abledo rather earth absorbs it and re-emit it as IR (infrared Energy ) or blackbody radiation. Free Molecular heating: This load is result of the bombardment of the individual molecules present in outer reaches of the atmosphere. It affects during the launch ascent of the satellite. The thermal control susbsystem is designed for a sun synchronous Low Earth Orbit at an altitutde of 700km and at an inclination of 98.19 degrees.The main aspect in designing the thermal control system is to first define the worst case hot (maximum loads) and worst case cold (minimum loads ) acting on the satellite in the orbit and the opertonal temperature operational and survival temperature of each component installted

School trip to the forest

School trip to the forest Introduction I was six years old when we had a school trip to the forest in order to explore the local fauna and flora. When we walked through the forest I started noticing little white circles that were sprayed onto the bark of some old and sick looking trees. One week later, I found myself at a bus stop with my mum. Waiting for the bus was always very boring for me and therefore, I usually started interpreting the advertisement posters with my newly acquired reading abilities. One poster caught my attention immediately. This very poster had a baroque cross on it and it said something in a language which I did not understand. My mum explained me that day, that this was a poster of Scientology. On the bus we had a long conversation about sects and what they do and what they are. I assume that I was a bit too young to understand the whole dimension of the term sect but since that day, for many years, I was convinced that the white circles in the forest must have been some secret mean of communicat ion and that some sect would meet there every now and then to do some of their practices. Looking back at this now, I surely notice that the white circles were simply a mark for probably old or sick trees that needed special attention from the forester. However, being six years old I was sure that I discovered something extremely secret and hidden. In February 1748, Adam Weishaupt was born in Ingolstadt. Through his father and godfather he was taught the ideas of the enlightenment. Furthermore, he was a professor at the University of Ingolstadt for canon law and philosophy. The enlightened thinker Weishaupt struggled with the old and conservative Jesuit order at the university. He started studying the writings of the freemasons and in 1776 he founded the Bavarian Illuminati, an order which was intended to spread the ideas of the enlightenment. In January 1933, the Austrian-born Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of the German people. One year later, due to the death of President Paul von Hindenburg, Hitler was proclaimed ‘Fà ¼hrer and Reichskanzler which made him the head of state. From this extremely powerful position Hitler started his crusade against Jews, communists, foreigners and other ‘enemies of the German Reich. In April 1994, the lead singer of the grunge and rock band Nirvana, Kurt Cobain, was found dead in his home in Seattle. With three times the lethal amount of heroin in his body, the musician took a shotgun, put it into his mouth and shot himself. In September 2001, terrorists hijacked commercial passenger air planes. Two of these planes were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Centre in New York City. Apart from the hijackers and the plane passengers also many people working in the towers were killed. Within, two hours both of the buildings collapsed and Ground Zero was erected as a memorial for the victims. All of these events and people are connected through the fact that there are conspiracy theories evolving around them. The illuminati are still often referred to as being the driving force behind global events and there is the popular theory among conspiracy believers â€Å"that the new nation was about to be taken over by the Bavarian Illuminati†. Adolf Hitler developed probably one of the most influential conspiracies which blamed the Jews for the loss of the First World War and the misfortune of the people in Germany. The death of Kurt Cobain and inconsistencies in the crime scene investigation caused the quite well known murder theory of his death. Lastly, the events of September 11th 2001 are probably most discussed in conspiracy theories. Several theories exist in which it is assumed that the US government actually initiated the attacks. Other theories claim, that despite the thousands of eye witnesses there were no planes what so ever. Whereas even other theories argue that shortly before the attacks happened a UFO could be seen and that these attacks were caused by aliens. Conspiracy beliefs have guided the human kind through many centuries of history. When considering the freemasons and the illuminati it becomes visible that conspiracy theories are by no means a contemporary phenomenon. Especially strong superstitious beliefs in the past gave rise to some influential conspiracy theories which led to the prosecution of witches and heretics, for instance. Despite the fact that conspiracy beliefs are rooted in the past, many sources speak of an increase in conspiracy beliefs especially among the population. Michael Barkun, professor at the Syracuse University in the state of New York and author of the book â€Å"A Culture of Conspiracy†, termed the belief in conspiracy theories as an â€Å"emerging cultural phenomenon†. Also the researcher for folklore studies at the Oregon University, Daniel Wojcik, claims: â€Å"Ideas and images about the end of the world permeate American popular culture and folklore, as well as popular religion, and ar e expressed in films, literature, music, poetry, [†¦], and commercial products†. The fact that conspiracy theories seem to gain more hold within the people seems intriguing and should be investigated. Therefore, the thesis for this paper will be: Despite the claim of insanity, conspiracy theories have become an important part of our contemporary thinking and due to popular culture, especially the mass media, they seem to be taken more and more seriously in our contemporary society. One of the main sources for this essay will be the book â€Å"A Culture of Conspiracy† by Michael Barkun, which offers a great approach to the dynamics of conspiracy theories. Furthermore, this essay will discuss the nature, types and functions of conspiracy beliefs and the role of the mass media in the spread of those. Lastly, this paper will analyze if there was actually an increase in people believing in conspiracy theories. The Nature Of Conspiracy Theories The New World Order, millennialism, area 51, black helicopters, UFO sightings – those are terms usually associated with conspiracy theories. But what exactly are conspiracy theories? What functions do they fulfill for the people who believe in them? Is it possible to speak of â€Å"factual† conspiracy theories? These are questions that will be approached in this essay. First of all, a formal definition of the term is needed: â€Å"A conspiracy theory is a belief that a group of people are secretly trying to harm someone or to achieve something. Usually this term is used to suggest something unlikely or even paranoid†. This definition mentions important criteria of conspiracy beliefs. One of the most important is that something is happening in secret. Due to this secrecy the conspiracy believers are convinced that they are the only ones who know the truth and that they need to spread the word to the unknowing population. Another aspect of conspiracy theories is that they connote a degree of paranoia. When speaking of a conspiracy or of someone who believes in conspiratorial theories, we usually incline that this person is mad or paranoid. A good example for this can be found in Friedrich Nietzsches ‘The Gay Science. In section 125, a madman runs around exclaiming the often quoted statement: â€Å"God is dead†. This exclamation can be interpreted as a conspiracy theory which the madman is attempting to spread. However, the viewers of this scene see merely an insane person: â€Å"Here the madman fell silent and looked again at his listeners; they too were silent and looked at him disconcertedly†. The madman and his beliefs are not taken seriously. Moreover, a very problematic criterion of conspiracy theories is the fact that they are non-falsifiable. Conspiracy theories are usually termed this way because they lack evidence or logical explanations compared to the official theory. It is most of the times impossible for believers to prove their theory. However, conspiracy believers are convinced that â€Å"information that appears to put a conspiracy theory in doubt must have been planted by the conspirators themselves in order to mislead†. This means that even information or evidence against the conspiracy is seen as a proof in favor of the theory because it must have been brought up by people who try to cover the conspiracy. Therefore, no matter what kind of evidence it will always speak in favor of a conspiracy theory. Types Of Conspiracies Barkun differentiates between three types of conspiracies: event conspiracies, systemic conspiracies and superconspiracies. In an event conspiracy, the conspirators are believed to be responsible for only a limited, discrete event. Systematic conspiracies are characterized by broader goals, such as gaining power over a country, a certain region or even the world. However, only a single group of people or a single organization are believed to take part in this. In a superconspiracy multiple conspiracy theories are linked to more conspiracy theories and global events. Superconspiracies are characterized by the belief that everything is connected. This paper will mainly deal with the identified event conspiracies. Although Barkuns book â€Å"A Culture of Conspiracy† displays an excellent theoretical approach to conspiracy theories it seems slightly narrow when it comes to different kinds and beliefs of conspiracy theories. Barkun generalizes conspiracy theories and theorists as believers in UFOs, alien intervention in global events and the New World Order. However, he does not discuss the possibility that there might be people, who do not believe in supernatural interventions in earthly happenings but who still believe in alternative explanations for national and international events that deviate from the official explanation. For this reason, two different categories have to be integrated into the types of conspiracy theories. This paper will differentiate between supernatural and factual theories. Supernatural conspiracy theories include, among others, beliefs in aliens, UFOs, the New World Order and millennialism. They are irrational and non-falsifiable as nothing supernatural was ever able to be empirically proved and verified. Most certainly, these theories are the reason why the term ‘conspiracy theory has a paranoid or even insane connotation. Furthermore, theories about the freemasons and the illuminati will be included into this category. The main focus of this paper will be the so-called factual theories. Factual conspiracy theories incline the secret involvement of an earthly group, organization or even state in global events and affairs. The murder theory of Kurt Cobains death as well as the theory of US state involvement in the 9/11 attacks constitute examples for this kind. However implausible these theories may sound, they do have a slightly more rational nature. They deal with an issue that could be verified or falsified with access to the right information. Nevertheless, this information is usually impossible to attain which also gives these conspiracy theories a non-falsifiable nature. So eventually, it still comes down to belief or disbelief. However, it is important to mention that these factual theories reduce the paranoid connotation of the term ‘conspiracy theory. The Case Of Anna Politkovskaya The events surrounding the death of the Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya is now used to explain the plausibility of factual conspiracy theories. On October 7th 2006 Politkovskaya was shot four times in the elevator of her apartment. Politkovskaya dedicated her life to the conflicts in Chechnya caused by the Russian domination. After the Russian troops brutally crashed down the separatist revolts in Chechnya after the first and second Chechen War the Russians reestablished their hegemony. However, the separatist cry for independence still finds proponents among the Chechen population. The Russian government is accused of using torture and other violent means to suppress these movements. This conflict has caused human rights activists such as Politkovskaya to investigate into and demonstrate against the Russian practices in Chechnya. Along with these demonstrations activists and demonstrators were held in custody without a legal basis. The events in Russia and Chechnya have caught the attention of many human rights organizations. In 2007, the human rights watch proclaimed: â€Å"Russia has ignored a series of judgments by the European Court of Human Rights on Chechnya, fueling unchecked violence in the North Caucasus. Following the recent murders of human rights defenders there, the Council of Europes Parliamentary Assembly will decide on September 28, 2009 whether to schedule a debate to focus on the dangerous conditions for human rights defenders in the North Caucasus†. Politkovskaya was only one journalist and Kremlin critic that was murdered in a series of killings. However, Politkovskayas case has drawn global attention to the events in Russia and to the declining freedom of speech: â€Å"Her killing underlined the shrinking freedom allowed dissenters in Russian society, provoked international outrage and cast a shadow over Vladimir V. Putins Russia†. Not only the actual murder of Politkovskaya are a doubtful subject but also her trial was perceived as flawed and manipulated from western media. All of the four convicts were cleared of their charges and evidence such as a video of the assassination as well as photos and a sim card completely disappeared from the trial scene. The newspaper which Anna Politkovskaya was working for, Novaya Gazeta, suggested that the â€Å"conspiracy was planned at a much higher level†. In the case of Politkovskaya the Russian state as well as the Russia-oriented Chechen government disclaimed any involvement in the murders of any of the journalists and human rights activists. This claim can be seen as the official explanations of the journalist killings in Russia. Therefore, the theory that there is state involvement to some degree can be seen as a conspiracy theory. However, especially in the western part of the world it seems as if the state-involvement-theory around Politkovskayas death seems to find more and more acceptance. Due to unlawful arrests of demonstrators, several killings of other human rights journalists as well as the disappearing evidence from Politkovskayas trial it becomes more and more plausible that there is some kind of higher state involvement. In this sense, the events and conspiracy surrounding the death of Anna Politkovskaya can be seen as a factual conspiracy theory which has started to gain more and more proof as well as proponents all o ver the world. The Functions Of Conspiracy Beliefs Why do some people believe that Anna Politkovskaya was shot on order of the Kremlin whereas others do not? How come some people find it plausible that the US government initiated the attacks on the World Trade Centre whereas others think this extremely far-fetched? Conspiracy theories fulfill certain functions in the minds of the people and in the population as a whole. They can show a certain distrust of the people in what is official presented to them. Furthermore, they constitute another kind of choice that we have in a consumer society. Moreover, they can be seen as a new form of scapegoating. The following sections will analyze why people believe in conspiracy theories and what other options those theories offer to them. Conspiracy Theories As A Sign Of Distrust Conspiracy theories can be seen as a general sign of dissatisfaction and distrust that people have with the government, society and the system in general. Jodi Dean, professor for political science at the Hobart and William Smith College in the state of New York, stated: â€Å"[†¦] conspiracy theories, far from a label dismissively attached to the lunatic fringe, may well be an appropriate vehicle for political contestation†. Probably every country experiences every now and then affairs of corruption among politicians or within larger and well-known companies. Furthermore, everyone is familiar with parties or politicians who do not stick to their election promises. Those experiences fuel the feelings of distrust and skepticism. Many people show strong doubts of the trustworthiness of information that they get about the acts and deeds of the governments. Barkun points out: â€Å"[†¦] where political matters are concerned, there is no longer a consensus reality about the causes of events and reliability of evidence†. Furthermore, in our globalised world everything gets more interlinked. Big companies as resources for employment, gain more and more power in the political landscape of the countries. Moreover, the media coverage of events increases which makes it easier for people to hear about events all over the world. It can be argued that the increased media coverage leads to a rise in the imagination of people of what could happen or what could be going on. This development can lead to the described distrust into the governments and to the fact that conspiracy theories seem plausible to the people. However, this does not mean that people completely discard the official explanations. It merely inclines that people believe that the alternative explanations provided by the conspiracy theories seem imaginable. Conspiracy Theories And The Paradigm Of Choice In 2004, the American psychologist Barry Schwartz published the book â€Å"The Paradox of Choice – Why More Is Less†. In this book he argues that we have reached the height of a consumer society in which it might happen that choice â€Å"no longer liberates, but deliberates†. Schwartz describes the various areas of life in which we can choose these days, such as education, career, friendship and religion. On top of the field of religion one can place the general category of belief. In our society, people can choose what to believe in and what they find believable. Whereas some people believe that the earth and the species were created by god, others find this completely incredible and support Darwins theory of evolution. Choice is a crucial aspect of our lives. Schwartz points out that: â€Å"Choice is essential to autonomy, which is absolutely fundamental to well-being†. Although, not directly implied by Schwartz book, it can be argued that conspiracy theories constitute another choice that we have in our society, namely a choice of truth. The issue of belief and what we believe in is vital to human choice. Schwartz explains that: â€Å"[†¦] we make the most of our freedoms by learning to make good choices about the things that matter, while at the same time unburdening ourselves from too much concern about things that dont†. Continuing in this line of thought, beliefs are essential to a persons existence and personality: â€Å"Existence, at least human existence, is defined by the choices people make†. In order to choose we need to be able to believe and we need to be able to assume that our choice will bring about a desired outcome. When choosing our beliefs we have a choice between religions, political parties, movements of any kind and many more. However, the term belief also inclines that we have a belief in what is going on and how things work. When it comes to our own lives this is quite manageable and even if we feel that we do not know how we work we can go to a specialist who will clarify this for us. Nevertheless, when it comes to a more general truth, something that we cannot check or see for ourselves we need to rely on sources telling us the truth and making us believe. The field of ‘truth however, seemed to be ruled by the monopoly of official explanations. Obviously alien involvements, for instance, in several earthly events often served as useful alternative theories for believers in superconspiracies but there was no real choice for people who did not believe in supernatural happenings. As outlined before, it is important for people to on the one hand have choices and on the other hand to b e able to make choices about things that matter. Due to this, conspiracy theories offer a choice in truth to people or as Schwartz would put it: â€Å"Individual customers are free to ‘purchase whatever bundles of knowledge they want, [†¦]†. A New Form Of Scapegoating Explanations to negative events usually involve something or someone being blamed for having caused a negative outcome. It is a very common psychological phenomenon that in order to handle difficult, sad or even traumatic events people need someone on whom they can produce their anger, fear, frustration, sadness etc. Scapegoating is a special form of blaming in which â€Å"[†¦] a hostile social-psychological discrediting routine by which people move blame and responsibility away from themselves and towards a target person or group† is performed. By blaming the terrorists of Al-Qaida for the 9/11 attacks the US government has found a scapegoat for the public. This does not mean however, that the US government invented a new scapegoat. They merely found a group of people that was called responsible for the attacks. Most definitions of scapegoating involve that the scapegoats feel they are wrongly accused or persecuted. As Al-Qaida did claim responsibility for the events the US government was right in proclaiming this. However, the scapegoating process started in the minds of the people. Through generalizing, a large amount of people started to belief that it is the Muslims as a whole who try to cause damage to the western world. Continuing on this line of thought, conspiracy theories have a similar effect. They are merely alternative explanations for events but also they include the element of blame. So instead of blaming Al-Qaida for the attacks on the World Trade Centre they blamed the US government and instead of only blaming the murderers of Politkovskaya they blame the Russian state. Therefore, it can be concluded that conspiracy theories fulfill the basic functions that official explanations accomplish. The only difference is that the target of their blame is usually dissimilar. However, some articles argue that conspiracist scapegoating has a much larger effects than other kinds of scapegoating: â€Å"When conspiracist scapegoating occurs, the results can devastate a society, disrupting rational political discourse and creating targets who are harassed and even murdered†. The analysis if scapegoats that evolved out of a conspiracy theory are more in danger than those that evolved out of official explanations for events would go beyond the scope of this paper. Nevertheless, the medieval witch hunts as well as Hitlers conspiracy against Jews, Communists and foreigners might argue in favor of the claim that scapegoats made by conspiracy theories are in higher danger. Conspiracy Theories And Play In 1938, the Dutch historian Johan Huizinga published his work â€Å"Homo Ludens† which contains an exceptionally influential theory on contemporary culture. Literally translated from the Latin, homo ludens means something like ‘Man the Player. In Homo Ludens, Huizinga determines the play elements of contemporary culture and claims that culture itself bears the character of a play. Huizingas theory was mainly formed by the approaching fascism and the threats that it brought with it. However, his theory is still extremely influential in cultural studies and is used in order to analyze numerous elements of contemporary culture. Also conspiracy theories can be applied to Huizingas theory. Huizingas general idea of the nature of this play goes as follows: â€Å"Summing up the formal characteristics of play we might call it a free activity standing quite consciously outside ‘ordinary life as being ‘not serious, but at the same time absorbing the player intensely and utterly. It is an activity connected with no material interest, and no profit can be gained by it. It proceeds within its own proper boundaries of time and space according to fixed rules and in an orderly manner. It promotes the formation of social groupings which tend to surround themselves with secrecy and to stress their difference from the common world by disguise or other means†. This very complex definition can be unravelled into five most important qualities of play. First of all, play is supposed to be a free activity which intentionally stands outside of ordinary life and which is not seen as being serious. In addition to this, it is important to mention that Huizinga differentiated between ordinary life and higher culture. Ordinary life includes the basics of living and is not seen as an element of play. Higher culture however, is what Huizinga refers to in his play theory. Conspiracy theories partly fulfil this criterion. Conspiracy theories are a belief and beliefs and the choice of those, as outlined before, are important elements of our society. Therefore it can be claimed that conspiracy beliefs are a part of higher culture. However, those who believe in conspiracy theories do take this subject very seriously whereas other people might ridicule those beliefs. A second and third criterion for play is that it must absorb the player intensely and utterly and no material gain or profit must be achieved by it. Conspiracy theories complete this criterion. As conspiracy theories can be viewed as beliefs or also as persuasions, they will fully and intensely take in a person. Furthermore, it can be argued that thorough persuasions or beliefs of a person are not connected to material gain or profit. However, it can surely be claimed that some people hold certain views in order to gain material profit. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that those views cannot be considered an accurate persuasion. Therefore, one can assume that people who thoroughly belief in certain conspiracy theories do so without expecting any material profit. The fourth criterion states that this kind of play has to take place in an arranged manner within certain boundaries of time and space. Contemporary conspiracy theories usually evolve around contemporary subjects and events. However, conspiracy theories see history as a plot. Everything is interlinked and connected. Due to this conspiracy theories repeatedly deal with past and maybe even future events. However, the order of past, present and future is usually not confused or changed. The last main criterion includes that play supports the creation and development of social groups which are supposed to act in secrecy and which should differentiate themselves from other groups and people. It is very obvious that this element can be found in conspiracy theories. People who believe in conspiracy theories usually form a group with other people who agree with their event explanation and they communicate with each other. Secrecy is one of the main criteria of conspiracy theories as they incline that an action or event took place in secrecy and is trying to be concealed. Lastly, many psychological theories on group formation claim that groups include but also exclude. People who believe in certain conspiracy theories are therefore included into the group, whereas people who disbelieve are excluded. In this sense, group formation is also a mean of differentiating oneself from another group of people. Therefore, in conclusion it can be said that conspiracy theories can be seen as a play element in our contemporary culture. Conspiracy Theories In Popular Culture So far, this paper has outlined the nature and different types of conspiracy theories as well as their functions in the minds of the people and in the population as a whole. In addition to that, conspiracy theories have become an important part of popular culture: â€Å"The volume and influence of stigmatized knowledge [conspiracy theories] have increased dramatically through the mediation of popular culture. Motifs, theories and truth claims that once existed in hermetically sealed subcultures have begun to be recycled, often with great rapidity, through popular culture†. The main force behind this popularization of conspiracy theories is usually seen in the role of the mass media. However, popular culture also has the function of demystifying conspiracy theories. A common criterion of conspiracy theories is the fact that the believers think they are the only ones who know about this secret plot. By broadcasting the theories to an enormous number of people they lose their sec recy: â€Å"Once hidden, they are now revealed. Once intended only for the knowing few, they are now placed before the ignorant many. Once mysterious, they can now appear banal, the building blocks of not particularly distinguished popular entertainment†. The Mass Media And The Spread Of Conspiracy Theories The most crucial force in the spread of conspiracy theories is the mass media. Alternative explanations for events can be read in literature, internet and newspaper articles, can be seen on television and in the cinema and can be heard on the radio. The mass media is our biggest and maybe even most influential source of information. Conspiracy theories have long made their entrance into popular culture and mass media. Also Barkun describes this development: â€Å"Now, however, the boundary between the stigmatized and the mainstream has clearly become more permeable. Themes that once might have been found only in outsider literature or on the more outrà © Web sites have become the stuff of network television and multimillion-dollar motion picture†. When it comes to television, Barkun especially refers to shows like ‘The X-Files which were extremely popular, not only in the United States. The main focus of this series was to unravel conspiracies planned by the governments and accompanied through the help of extraterrestrial life. Furthermore, Barkun refers to films such as the 1997 Mel Gibson movie ‘Conspiracy Theory. In this movie, a paranoid taxi driver is convinced that many global events are triggered due to a government conspiracy. Barkun points out: â€Å"The appearance of conspiracism in major motion pictures signals a major change in the relation between stigmatized and mainstream knowledge claims†. However, one does not need to look into special conspiratorial films or series to figure out that the topic of conspiracism has been widely adopted by the mass media. Many mainstream films such as ‘Mission Impossible or ‘Three Days of the Condor evolve around conspiracies planted by governments or intelligence agencies. Furthermore, intriguing but admittedly quite propagandistic documentaries such as Michael Moores ‘Fahrenheit 9/11 contribute to manifest conspiracy theories in the mainstream. Many of these mentioned motion pictures serve to stimulate the imagination of the public. As already outlined when analyzing the functions of conspiracy theories, the broad and wide-ranging media coverage of different global events also leads to the fact that different views on events are accumulated. Furthermore, the media does not only show different views on events but also covers a wide range of events that happen all over the world. This together with conspiracy theories that can be found in mass media means of entertainment such as movies and TV programs leads to the increased imagination of people of what could possibly go on in their country or even in the world. Furthermore, it can be said that: â€Å"[†¦] the appearance of conspiracy themes in popular culture at least partially destigmatizes those ideas, by associating them with admired stars and propagating them through the most important forms of mass entertainment†. Considering this, it can be concluded that the media did not only spread popular conspiracy theories but moreover, did it de-condemn conspiracy theories to be only an issue to paranoid or lunatic people. By doing so the mass media made conspiracy theories which used to be considered as stigmatized knowledge available to a wide range of people. Barkun assigns another function to the mass media. Everyone has probably heard of the concept of surreptitious advertisement, when we see protagonists in a movie drinking a certain brand of cola or when they use a very popular new mobile phone

Lives on the Boundary by Mike Rose Essay -- Education Boundary Mike Ro

Lives on the Boundary by Mike Rose The book Lives on the Boundary, written by Mike Rose, provides great insight to what the new teaching professional may anticipate in the classroom. This book may be used to inform a teacher’s philosophy and may render the teacher more effective. Lives on the Boundary is a first person account composed of eight chapters each of which treat a different obstacle faced by Mike Rose in his years as a student and as an educator. More specifically in chapters one through five Mike Rose focuses on his own personal struggles and achievements as a student. Ultimately the aim is to highlight the underpreparedness of some of today’s learners. First and most importantly Mike Rose writes the book in the first person. This provides an invaluable view to the actual thoughts and perceptions of a student who considered himself to be underprepared. Mike Rose begins his accounts in grammar school when he felt lost in the material. The teacher did not hold his attention and therefore he began to â€Å"daydream to avoid inadequacy† (Rose 19). Mike Rose does not describe himself as a nuisance, but as a student who was overlooked. This treatment was very a detriment to his education. â€Å"I would hide by slumping down in my seat and page through my reader, carried along by the flow of sentences in a story.† (Rose 19) He discusses the teachers’ inability to â€Å"engage the imaginations of us kids who were scuttling along at the bottom of the pond.† (Rose 26) This strategy combined poorly with the attitudes of other students who did not want to work hard, who just wanted to be average. (Rose 28) Mike Rose describes that mix of students and how it affected his own perception of education: â€Å"School can be a tremendously disorienting place†¦ You’ll also be thrown in with all kind of kids from all kind of backgrounds, and that can be unsettling†¦ You’ll see a handful of students far excel you in courses that sound exotic and that are only in the curriculum of the elite: French, physics, trigonometry. And all this is happening while you’re trying to shape an identity; your body is changing, and your emotions are running wild.† (Rose 28)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Without reading Mike Rose’s detailed descriptions of his experiences as a learner a perspective teacher may never suspect that the quiet student in the class is daydreaming to avoid the material that he/she does n... ...ild, when he would hide and daydream, up until his first years of college, when he would avoid areas that were difficult, the author recognized that there was important link between challenging the student on a meaningful level and the degree to which the student eventually produced. â€Å"I felt stupid telling them I was†¦ well – stupid.† (Rose 43) Here, Rose shows an example of how poor preparation and low standards in the classroom can make a student feel inadequate. Indeed, one can see how many things seemingly unrelated do affect a student’s ability to learn. Reading Mike Rose’s book Lives on the Boundary one can benefit from his efforts as a student and educator. It is a tool that can be used to motivate teachers to produce interesting lesson plans and to be aware of their students in all aspects. The book provides concrete examples of good and bad teaching all related through the author’s personal history. Finally, the book-as an account of one man’s personal struggle – reflects on the inner psyche of the marginal student and prompts the reader to be more attentive to each and every learner. Work Cited Rose, Mike. Lives on The Boundary. New York, NY: Penquin Books. 1989 Lives on the Boundary by Mike Rose Essay -- Education Boundary Mike Ro Lives on the Boundary by Mike Rose The book Lives on the Boundary, written by Mike Rose, provides great insight to what the new teaching professional may anticipate in the classroom. This book may be used to inform a teacher’s philosophy and may render the teacher more effective. Lives on the Boundary is a first person account composed of eight chapters each of which treat a different obstacle faced by Mike Rose in his years as a student and as an educator. More specifically in chapters one through five Mike Rose focuses on his own personal struggles and achievements as a student. Ultimately the aim is to highlight the underpreparedness of some of today’s learners. First and most importantly Mike Rose writes the book in the first person. This provides an invaluable view to the actual thoughts and perceptions of a student who considered himself to be underprepared. Mike Rose begins his accounts in grammar school when he felt lost in the material. The teacher did not hold his attention and therefore he began to â€Å"daydream to avoid inadequacy† (Rose 19). Mike Rose does not describe himself as a nuisance, but as a student who was overlooked. This treatment was very a detriment to his education. â€Å"I would hide by slumping down in my seat and page through my reader, carried along by the flow of sentences in a story.† (Rose 19) He discusses the teachers’ inability to â€Å"engage the imaginations of us kids who were scuttling along at the bottom of the pond.† (Rose 26) This strategy combined poorly with the attitudes of other students who did not want to work hard, who just wanted to be average. (Rose 28) Mike Rose describes that mix of students and how it affected his own perception of education: â€Å"School can be a tremendously disorienting place†¦ You’ll also be thrown in with all kind of kids from all kind of backgrounds, and that can be unsettling†¦ You’ll see a handful of students far excel you in courses that sound exotic and that are only in the curriculum of the elite: French, physics, trigonometry. And all this is happening while you’re trying to shape an identity; your body is changing, and your emotions are running wild.† (Rose 28)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Without reading Mike Rose’s detailed descriptions of his experiences as a learner a perspective teacher may never suspect that the quiet student in the class is daydreaming to avoid the material that he/she does n... ...ild, when he would hide and daydream, up until his first years of college, when he would avoid areas that were difficult, the author recognized that there was important link between challenging the student on a meaningful level and the degree to which the student eventually produced. â€Å"I felt stupid telling them I was†¦ well – stupid.† (Rose 43) Here, Rose shows an example of how poor preparation and low standards in the classroom can make a student feel inadequate. Indeed, one can see how many things seemingly unrelated do affect a student’s ability to learn. Reading Mike Rose’s book Lives on the Boundary one can benefit from his efforts as a student and educator. It is a tool that can be used to motivate teachers to produce interesting lesson plans and to be aware of their students in all aspects. The book provides concrete examples of good and bad teaching all related through the author’s personal history. Finally, the book-as an account of one man’s personal struggle – reflects on the inner psyche of the marginal student and prompts the reader to be more attentive to each and every learner. Work Cited Rose, Mike. Lives on The Boundary. New York, NY: Penquin Books. 1989